SiMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

a

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MEMORANDUM

To ..................

SPATE

............................................... . .............................................

.

From .......

SENATE COMMITTEE ON UNDERGRADUATE

STUDIES

EXTENDED STUDIES DIPLOMA IN

Sub1ect ........ .QCCPPAUQN1{EALThSCIENCE

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.......

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Date ...... pECEMBER

Action undertaken by the Senate Committee on Undergraduate

Studies at its meeting of December 9, 1980 gives rise to the follow-

ing motion: ?

.

MOTION: "That Senate approve and recommend approval to the

Board of Governors, as set forth in S.81-17, the

proposal for an Extended Studies Diploma in Occupa-

tional Health S.cience, including

j) Requirements - 9 core courses (at least 26 credit

hours) plus optional courses - a total of at least

30 credits

1.

•

Core courses

2.

Optional courses

ii)

Change in course designation

OHS. 480-3 - Ergonomics/Human Factors in

Working Environments (now KIN. 480-3)

iii)

New Courses:

OHS. 300-3 - Introduction to Occupational Health

Science

OHS. 370-3 - Epidemiology and BiostatistiCS

OHS. 481-3 - Principles of Industrial Hygiene

OHS. 482-2- Occupational Health Science Laboratory

OHS. 489-3 - Occupational Safety and Hazard

Management

OHS. 490-3 - Field Practicum in Occupational Health

Science."

?

. . ?

.

The proposal includes background information concerning the

development of the program which was.instigated through encouragement

by government agencies and labor to respond to the need for professionals

in

the field of health and safety in industry. The proposal is seen as a

compromise measure pending eventual structuring of a more sophisticated

program at the graduate level. Some concern was expressed concerning the

limited training which some candidates would have in chemistry and physics;

others observed that the proposal represents a compromise based on advice

from government and labor and employers who are hiring individuals in

these areas with a program designed for mature individuals who should have

little difficulty meeting prerequisite requirements.

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SiMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

MEMORANDUM

SENATE

?

.From..

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE

Subject..

PROPOSAL

.

.Date. .

?

3Q>..19.80

Action taken by the Senate Committee on Academic Planning at its

meeting of December

3, 1980

gave rise to the following motion:

MOTION: ?

"That the following programs be recommended to Senate

for its approval:

A.

Honours Program in Occupational Health Science

B.

Extended Studies Diploma in Occupational Health Science

C.

Minor in Occupational Health Science."

For the benefit of members of Senate, the following represents a

summary of

)

the major areas discussed by the Senate Committee on Academic

Planning in its consideration of these program proposals.

1.

In response to an enquiry, it was stated by the Vice-President,

Academic that these programs, if approved by Senate and the Board of Governors,

will be submitted to the Universities Council of British Columbia for approval

and new program funding.

2.

The degree of consultation with the other two universities was dis-

cussed, particularly in relation to the implications of these proposed programs

vis-a-vis the health related programs which they offer.

3.

Concern was expressed regarding the adequacy with which the proposed

core courses will cover the diversity of topics related to occupational health

science. Particular attention was:directed to the relationship between the

proposed programs in Occupational Health Science and the proposal initiated by

the Department of Biological Sciences for a program in Environmental Toxicology.

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)

'1.

.

PROPOSAL

FOR AN EXTENDED STUDIES DIPLOMA PROGAM

?

IN

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE

?

Prepared by:

?

Dr. Thomas J. Smith

?

Department of Kinesiology

?

Simon Fraser University

?

November 20, 1980

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ABSTRACT

Occupational Health Science is the study of the physical, chemical,

and biological factors which affect the health and safety of workers in

the workplace. In 1979, work-related disease, injury, and death cost

the Canadian economy directly and indirectly over $4. billion. However,

despite growing awareness on the part of labour, business, and govern-

ment of the magnitude of the problem, there remains a serious shortage

of trained Canadian professionals equipped to deal with occupational health

and safety ((115) issues. Only two universities in eastern Canada

presently offer baccalaureate or advanced degree programs in CILS.

Consequently, industries and government, particularly in western Canada,

must turn for (ES expertise to the U.S., where there are numerous

academic (1-IS programs.

To address the need for more (1-IS professionals in Canada

generally and western Canada in particular, this proposal advocates the

development of three academic programs in Occupational Health Science at

S.F.U.: (1) anfënded Studies Diploma . (ESD) program, offered within the

Kinesiology Dept.; .(2) a Kinesiology unaergrad.uate Honors program; and (3)

a Kiriesiology undergraduate Minor program.

NOTE This submission deals specifically with the ESD program (for

which it was originally written). Separate submissions Nave been made

. for the Kinesiology Honorse

nd

Minor programs, which will rely on subsets

of thécore courses specified in this proposal (Appendix 7) plus existing

courses presently offered in Kinesiology arid in other departments.

Core courses specified for the ESD program

?

include two

Environmental Toxicology courses, one existing Kinesiology course

(Ergonomics/Human Factors) and 6 new undergraduate courses. The

new courses include introductory, epidemiology

and biostatistics, ?

industrial hygiene, (1-IS laboratory, safety

and hazard management, and field practicum courses. Except for the two

Environmental Toxicology courses, the remaining core courses will be

identified as CIiS,' courses in the undergraduate calender. No new graduate

courses are requested.

New course proposal: forms, references, and resource requirements

are in Appendix 7. The remainder of the proposal deals with background,

rationale, justification, and supporting material.

The academic programs proposed here represent ore leg of a developing

tripartite effort at S.F.U. which ultimately should establish the

university as a national resource centre in

?

occupational/

environmental health. The second leg is the environmental toxicology

program,.reCefltlY approved for Biosciences. The third leg is the

Occupational Health Resource Centre, currently operating in Continuing

S ?

Studies to provide labour education, training,, and hazard analysis and

information in the area of (ES. It is fortunate and highly appropriate

that all three of these efforts are coming to fruitioijat S.F.U. at about

the same time, for they will mutually strengthen and benefit each other.

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Table of Contents.

?

I. ?

Introduction

A. Background

of

OHS Program Development

?

II. ?

Need for Academic (1-IS Programs in Canada

A.

Existing Canadian Academic OHS Programs are

Insufficient

B.

Canada's Occupational Health and Safety Record

is Distressing

C.

Canada Must Establish an Independent Research

Capability in (1-IS.

D.

(1-IS is Receiving Increased Emphasis in All

Sectors

?

III. ?

Justification and Significance

A.

choice of the Term Occupational Health Science

B.

Rationale for an Extended Studies Diploma

C.

Program Objectives

D.

Significance

1.

Student Interest and Enrollment Projections

2.

Employment Prospects for Program Graduates

.

Iv. ?

Program

A.

B.

D.

E.

S

C.

Organization - Course Offerings

Prerequisites

Curriculum

Core Courses

Optional Courses

Course Sequence .

Scope of Topics Covered in Core Courses

Course Descriptions of Core Courses

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Table of Contents (cont'd)

?

V. ?

Need for Worker Education and Training in OHS

A. Evidence of Need

B.

Worker Education. Programs in OHS at Other Institutions

C.

Occupational Health Resource Centre at S.F.U.

VI.

Program Review and Critique

VII.

References

.

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Appendices:

Appendix 1. Canadian Academic Programs in Occupational Health!

Occupational Safety/Industrial Hygiene, 1979.

Appendix 2. Fatal Accidents, Manufacturing and Construction

Industry, Selected Countries, 1972-76.

Appendix 3. Federal Report on Occupational Health in Canada,

• ?

1979. Major Concerns.

Appendix 4. Courses Offered by Eleven Educational Resource

Centres in Occupational Safety and Health in the

U.S. - 1979.

Appendix S. Occupational Health Resource. Centre at S.F.U.

Appendix 6. Comments on Proposed Program by Dr. Gordon

Atherley and Dr. Robert Lockhart.

Appendix 7. Proposed Extended Studies Diploma

?

Program.

New Course Descriptions and Resource Requirements.

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I. ?

Introduction

In Canada's modern industrial society,- there are countless problems

created by the effects of physical and chemical hazards in the workplace

on the health of workers in particular and on society in general. Need

exists for the development of rigorous academic programs in training

professionals to adequately deal with such problems, in terms of recog-

nition and monitoring, evaluation, management, research, and prevention.

Canada's poor record among industrialized nations in protecting the

health and safety of workers (4), coupled with the paucity of academic

programs in Canada dealing specifically with occupational health and safety

(Appendix. 1), underscore the intensity and dimensions of this need.

There are a number of compelling reasons why Simon Fraser University

ought to mount an academic program in occupational health science (OHS)

• ?

now. There are also good reasons for offering this program within the

Kinesiology Department.

1.

The resource-based industries of British Columbia - mining,

logging, pulp and paper manufacturing, energy extraction/

generation, woodworking - involve acute occupational health

and safety problems which merit closer scrutiny than has been

forthcoming heretofore. An academic program would not only

produce trained professionals to deal with these problems,

• ?

it would serve as a catalyst to promote research in problem

areas.

2.

S.F.U. has many existing facilities, resources, staff, and

courses which could be readily combined to form a nucleus

of an OHS program, without a major commitment to new courses

or new staff.

3.

The Department of Biological Sciences is initiating a program

in Environmental Toxicology. Since Environmental Toxicology

and OHS programs frequently are offered in tandem at many

institutions (10)

?

, it seems highly appropriate to

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establish an (1-IS program at this time.

4. Kinesiology has already established a record in OHS, through

co-operative arrangements with both industry and labour.

In 1978, Crown Zellerbach Corp. and the Department of Kines-

ioiogy jointly sponsored a symposium on Human 'Perfounance

in Business and Industry (1). In both 1979 and 1980, grants

have been received ($20

1

000 grants from the Pulp, Paper and

Woodworkers of Canada (PPWC)) to support research on occupa-

tional health and safety problems. The relationship with

labour is unusual, inasmuch as most academic OHS programs

depend heavily or exclusively upon industry for support.

These corporate and labour liasons constitute a foundation

upon which an academic program could readily be built.

S. In 1979, there appear to only have been two baccalaureate or

advanced degree programs in Canada devoted specifically to

(1-IS (Appendix 1), both in caste ru Canada. - Initiation of a

an Oils extended studies diploma at S.F.U.

would ?

establish the first academic (1-IS base in

Western Canada.

6. A number of economic sectors in B.C. - government, industry,

labour - have a practical interest in OHS. To date, these

sectors generally have had to go outside the province to

hire trained professionals in the OHS area. An academic

program in (ES at S.F.U. would meet an existing need which will.

almost certainly expand in the future.

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These points are treated in more detail in the following sections.

A. Background óf OHS _Proram Development

Efforts at S.F.U. to develop an academic program in OHS were initia-

ted by Dr. Ted Sterling of Computing Science. In a series of internal

memos ?

dating from June 29, 1978, he proposed a score and

direction for the program, defined the need, and suggested a series of

essential courses. Subsequently, the University approved the additional

position in Kinesiology, and Dr. Thomas Smith was hired in January 1980

with a major responsibility to develop an OHS program.

A steering committee was formed in February 1980 to oversee OHS

program development. Members are T. Calvert, Dean of Interdisciplinary

Studies, E. Banister and T. Smith from Kinesiology, T. Sterling, C. Van

Netten and P. Oloffs from Biosciences, S. Lower from Chemistry and

G. Vizzard, student representative from Communication. On February 25,

1980, the committee approved the idea of an Extended Studies Diploma

in OHS.

In March and April 1980 the steering committee held a series of

meetings with external S.F.U. advisors, and with OHS professionals from

industry, labour, and government, to review and critique the proposed

program. Section VI summarizes these meetings and the participants

involved.

II. Need for Academic OHS PrOgrams in Canada

The question of need can be reduced to one simple statement: How

can Canada ever expect to achieve effective control over national and

provincial occupational health and safety problems without producing its

own trained OHS professionals equipped to deal with these problems? The

points summarized below graphically underscore the pressing nature of the

need.

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A.

Existing Canadian Academic (i-IS Programs are Insufficient

Appendix 1 summarizes existing academic (I-IS programs in tanada.

Only two institutions, one in Ontario and one in New Brunswick, offer

baccalaureate or advanced degree programs specifically identified with

OHS. Of these, only the University of Toronto seems to offer a rigorous,

full-fledged post-graduate course of study in the Cl-IS area (the Uni-

versity of Moncton program is difficult to assess frOm the information

provided). There are eight Canadian baccalaureate/advanced degree

programs in the ergonomics/human factors area (Appendix 1, Part III),

but these programs clearly do not cover the full gamut of Ct-IS issues

(11). The availability of two ?

01-IS programs in two eastern

provinces for the entire nation is clearly inadequate.

A suitable basis of comparison, because of geographic contiguity

and similarities in the industrial mix, is the United States. Sixty-

six baccalaureate and 61 advanced degree programs in Cl-IS are offered

in the U.S.,

?

with a reasonable geographic distribution

(10). To match this academic emphasis on a per capita basis, Canada

needs 10-12 more

aca1Bic

OHS programs, not an inconceivable number.

The proposed S.F.U./program represents a starting point in the west.

B.

Canada's Occupational Health and Safety Record is Distressing

Appendix 2 summarizes the incidence of fatal accidents in manu-

facturing and construction in selected countries for the years 1972-76 (4).

Incidence rates for Canada during this five-year period were about 4-7

fold higher than those for Great Britain, which used the same reporting

method. These data suggest serious shortcomings in the prevention of

fatal workplace accidents in Canada.

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The dismal Canadian fatality data are supplemented by statistics

which indicate that work-related injuries and illnesses cost the nation

$4 billion annually (5). Each year, one million Canadian workers are

off the job because of work-related accidents or sickness, leading to

12 million lost man-days of work per year. Compensation payments cost

Canadian companies 1-15 per cent of their annual payroll.

The availability of more OHS professionals, trained in Canada and

sensitive to Canadian needs, might help turn this picture around.

C.

Canada Must Establish an Independent Research Capability in OHS

Canada relies almost exclusively on American threshold limit values

(TLVs) for setting exposure limits to airborne chemical or dust contain-

. ?

inants. The B.C. Workers' Compensation Board recommended permissable

concentrations of airborne chemical and dust contaminants (6) are lifted

directly from standards published by the American Conference of Govern-

mental Industrial Hygienists (7), as are the comparable standards for

Canadian Public Service employees (8). However, U. S. standards are not

necessarily the "best" standards; many U.S. TLV values have been

criticized as too high. Furthermore, Canadian OHS problems can differ from

those in the U.S. This may be particularly true of the resource-based

industries in B.C., because of environmental and operational factors.

The point

is,

if Canada is to achieve effective

control of Canadian OHS problems, then a national capability must be

developed for independent investigation of such problems as exposure

limits for airborne contaminants. Increased emphasis on academic train-

ing of OHS professionals is the first step in this direction.

D.

OHS is Receiving Increased Emphasis in all Sectors

This conclusion is supported by the following evidence.

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1. Occupational health was identified as a priority area by

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Federal and Provincial. Deputy Ministers of Health in June,

1975. This decision led to a national survey of the

current status of Occupational 'Health (3). Appendix 13

lists the major OHS concerns identified in this report.

The closing statement is significant: "these problems

must be examined in more detail, for it is now time to

decide what should and must he done about occupational

health. in Canada."

2.

A Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety

(CCOHS) with headquarters in Hamilton, was organized in

1978. One of its major responsibilities is to serve as

a national resource center and clearinghouse for OHS infor-

mation, data, and statistics.

3.

Iii 1973, there were 2 OHS professionals in the Canadian

labour movement; there are now over 20 (9).

4.

The following agencies identify occupational/environmental

health as a priority area for research funding: (1) NSERC

(Environmental Toxicology); (2) B.C. Health Care Research

Foundation (Occupational Health); and (3) Science Council.

of B.C. (environmental problems).

S. A Quality of Working Life Centre (Director, Dr. Hans van

Beinum) was established in Ontario in December, 1978,

supported by provincial government funding. Alberta is

working to develop .a province-wide Quality of Working Life

program, involving the Alberta Federation of Labour, the

Alberta government, and employer representatives (contact

Dr. Terry White, Department of Sociology, University of

Alberta). An active Quality of Working Life Forum holds

regular meetings in Vancouver.

6. The University of Waterloo has established a semi-autonomous

Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (Director,

Dr. T.W. Fraser) designed to provide service to both manage-

ment and labour in the general areas of hazard analysis,

6

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OHS problem consultation, and training and education in

OHS areas.

III. Justification and Si ficance.

A. Choice Of the Term Occupational Health Science

There is an incredible variety of names which have been affixed to

academic programs in the occupational health and safety area: occupa-

tional safety and health, industrial hygiene, occupational safety,

hazard management, human factors, ergonomics, human factors engineering,

5 ?

health and safety engineering,

safety studies, ?

occupa-

tional health, occupational hygiene, safety engineering, safety engin-

eering technology, industrial hygiene,

?

etc.

This variety reflects the fact that

cl-IS

is a relatively new area of

technology, and that definitions of the field and professionals working

in it are still evolving.

The name Occupational Health Science has been chosen to describe

our proposed program, following the guide of the 1977 Health and Welfare

Canada publication (3) which de.ls with the current status of occupational

health in Canada. This:publication proposes the following definition:

"Occupational health consists of those occupational

or work-related factors potentially affecting worker

(and secondarily coumiunity) health, the resulting

effects on total health status, and the programs for

the promotion of health and work adjustment."

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By definition, occupational or industrial safety as related to

injury or illness is embodied in this concept of occupational health.

However, to emphasize that preventive safety measures (i.e. hazard

management) also is central to occupational health, the publication'

uses the scheme illustrated in Figure 2 to illustrate the interrela-

tionships between occupational health, occupational safety, and

occupational (industrial) hygiene. Note that the definition of indus-

trial hygiene is more restricted than that of occupational health or

occupational safety.

Occupational Health Science, then, encompasses all three sectors

illustrated in Figure 2 and refers to the scientific study of the

factors, effects and programs related to occupational health and

safety.' Three specific subdivisions or subdisciplines of occupational

health science can be identified: (1) human factors/ergonomics;

(2) industrial hygiene; and (3) industrial toxicology. Human factors/

ergonomics refers to the study of man-machine 'interactions (job

design, workplace design, machine and tool design, etc.) and embodies

the anatomic, physiologic, psychologic, and biomechanical principles

affecting the efficient use of human energy. The definition of

industrial hygiene is given in Figure 2. Industrial toxicology refers

to the study of the adverse effects of industrial chemical, physical,

or biologic toxicants (poisons) on workers and their environment.

It is the area of toxicology which binds together Occupational

Health Science and Environmental Toxicology and makes current efforts

at S.F.U. to establish programs in both areas so appropriate. This

link was emphasized in the

1977 federal OHS status report (3), in which,

the following point about community interrelationships was made:

"Much as occupational health and safety are integral,

they are in turn integral to public (community) health

and safety. People, work and the community are merely

components of an integrated system. The labour move-

ment learned a long time ago that it was impossible to

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OCcupat ?

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Safety*

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Occupational

Health #

10

FIGURE 2?

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND HYGIENE INTERRELATIONSHIPS

a

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Occupatioffal Hygiene**

-- human health concerns

* "Occupational safety" can be described as the "freedom from hazards" and is

a matter of relative protection from exposure to such hazards.

** "Occupational. hygiene" is a more restricted term used by some for the

science devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of those

environmental hazards that may cause sickness, impaired health or

significant discomfort to employees or residents of a community.

# Occupat ional health consists of those occupational or

work-related factors poienl.ially affecting worker (and

secondarily community) health, the resulting effects on

total health status, and the

_programs for the promotion

of health and work adjustment.

Taken from Occupational Health in Canada - Current Status. Ottawa: Health

and Welfare Canada, 1977, p. 4.

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11

solve any problems which workers face without addressing

society's problems. Everything is interconnected with

everything else, as ecologists have reminded us in

recent years. So it is with workers' health --- occupa-

tional hazards cannot be viewed apart from other problems

of society."

These interrelationships are summarized in Figure 1, which illus-

trates the links between occupational health and environmental toxi-

cology and lists some specialty areas in each discipline.

This figure emphasizes the point that occupational health science and

environmental toxicology complement one another, and that the parallel

both areas

development of programs in / at S.F.U. will strengthen both disciplines.

In summary, the term occupational health science seems to

5 ?

satisfactorily encompass the diverse speciality areas related to occu-

pational health and safety, it reflects the emphasis of Health and

Welfare Canada, and it implies definite links to the environmental

t

oxicology area which also is being

' developed at S.F.U.

B. Rationale for an Extended Studies Dma Program

• Efforts at S.F.U. to develop an academic program in occupational

health science must take into account a number of different, occasion-

ally conflicting, requirements.

- Limited financial and staffing resources at S.F.U. for

mounting a new academic program at present time.

- Need to provide adequate, vigorous coverage of the multi-

disciplinary topics involved in OHS.

- Need to offer research opportunities in OHS for those

• ?

who may be interested.

- Need to provide an intense, compressed course of study

in OHS for those who may wish to acquire professional

expertise in a modest period of time (months).

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.

- Need to provide a

*

*course oriented program for those who

may not be intereted in research.

- Need to meet the needs of workers and trade unionists

who may require academic training in specific OHS topics

over a short time period (days).

- Need to accommodate those who are moving into OHS as a

career change (change in profession) or for the enhance-

ment of professional skills (career development).

- Need to accommodate those with no previous

training

in OHS.

- Demand for postgraduate training in OHS.

Demand for pregraduate training in OHS.

- Need to attract enough students on a continuing basis to

justify program.

- Reasonable assurance that graduates of the program will be

able to secure employment relevant to their training.

Among the academic program options available at S.F. II. (12, 13), an

Extended Studies Diploma in OHS was specified for development by a

February 25, 1980 resolution of the steering committees

To quote from the undergraduate calendar (12):

'The Extended Studies Diploma program offers persons

who hold an undergraduate degree an opportunity to

design and pursue a recognized program of study that

is not generally provided by the conventional graduate

degree. The program will be of particular interest to

those who wish to fulfill or change career goals, to

professionals who seek mid-career advancement through

upgrading and expanding their knowledge of a particu-

lar field, and to those who want to develop their

gieral educational background . . . Programs will

consist of third and fourth year courses and possibly

some graduate level courses. A graduate thesis is

not required. A minimum of 30 credit hours of approved

.

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study (the equivalent of two semesters of full-time

study) is required. This may he accomplished on either

a part-time or full-time basis."

An extended studies diploma format satisfies many of the requirements

listed above. The diploma could be offered within the existing Department

of Kinesiology, with l,additional faculty (A

pp.

7) required for the new

courses specified (Section IV). It would be a concentrated, non-research,

post graduate program aimed at those who wish to enhance or extend their

professional expertise in 01-IS. Students who are interested in research

would be able to move into an M.S. or Ph.D. program.

The two major groups that an extended studies diploma would not

?

serve are: (1) non-degree holders or pregraduates who may wish to major

in OHS; and (2) workers who cannot get away from their jobs for any period

but who may desire specific

?

instruction in a particular OHS

topic. The need for pregraduate education is addressed in an accompanying

proposal for an Honors program in Occupational Health Science, within the

Kinesiology Department. The need for labour education in OHS already has

been met by the establishment in September of an Occupational Health Resource

Centre at S.F.U. (Section V, Appendix 5).

C. ESD Program objectives

1.

To provide a detailed, integrated view of the multidisci-

plinary fields of occupational health, occupational safety,

and industrial hygiene.

2.

To provide information and experience regarding detection

and evaluation of occupational hazards and their effects,

and the laboratory and field equipment used for hazard

analysis.

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.

3.

To provide information and training in methods of

occupational hazard management, in terms of control,

minimization, or elimination of hazards.

4.

To insure that program graduates achieve a sufficient

level of training and technical expertise to qualify

as occupational health science professionals.

D. Significance.

The major significance of the proposed Program lies in the fact

that it meets an existing need, that it will attract a cadre of students

with an expressed commitment to occupational health science, and that

program graduates will find ready employment opportunities as (1-IS

professionals. The question of need was addressed in Section II.

Projected student interest and employment prospects are summarized

below.

1. Student Interest and Enrollment Projections

ESD

Information regarding student interest in the proposed/program comes

from a survey of students in the 80-1 semester Kinesiology 480 class

(Human Factors in Working Environments), and from statements made by OHS

professionals from industry, labour, and government (Section VI). In

the Kinesiology 480 survey, 12 students (11 of them undergraduates)

responded to questions concerning their future plans in OHS, with the

following results.

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15

Ntunber of Students (N=12)

Yes ?

No ?

Maybe

Would Enroll in Postgraduate

?

3 ?

7 ?

2

Program in (I-IS

Interest in a Career in C-IS

?

0 ?

5 ?

7

Kinesiology 480 was chosen for this survey because it is the present

S.F.U. course most directly concerned with OHS issues, which means that

attitudes of students in the course should provide some insight into the

appeal that the proposed program will have.

In addition to the interest documented in Kinesiology 480, since September

I have been also approached informally by 6 students who have indicated a

5

?

definite interest in enrolling in the program.

These figures should be supplemented by the

?

projections

made by OHS professionals from industry, labour, and government with

whom the steering committee met during March and April, 1980 (Section VI).

The indication from each of the three groups was that there might well be

some definite interest in encouraging current or prospective applicants

(employees, members, etc.) to enroll in the program for professional

training in OHS. The hope generally expressed was that enrollees would

retain their affiliation and return to enhance the (}IS professionalism

of their organization.

From these projections, it seems reasonable to suggest that a first

year enrollment cetween 10 and 20 students could readily be achieved

for the proposed/program. Inasmuch as classes offered within the programs

will be open to any registered S.F.U. student, a projected total program

class enrollment of between 25 and 40 appears to be a reasonable estimate.

0

---

16

For the last three times it was offered, Kinesiology 480 has had an

enrollment in this range.

ESD

2. Employment Prospects for/Program Graduates.

Finn predictions are impossible at this point. Canada does not

have federal or, provincial OHS bureaucracies and regulations on the

U.S. scale which would fuel a massive need for OHS professionals.

However, steering committee meetings with OHS professionals (Section VI)

have revealed a growing emphasis on OHS issues and expertise in industry,

labour, and government. The following comments on OHS, employment

potential in these sectors is based on comments made during the meetings.

Industry. An obvious prospect for program graduates is industrial

hygiene. Our meeting with corporate industrial hygienists from the

lower mainland suggests however that only the larger companies in B.C.

are employing hygienists at present, and that a Ph.D. appears to be a

prerequisite. Indeed, it was suggested that graduates of the proposed

program would riot qualify as full-fledged corporate indUstrial

hygienists according to. currently accepted criteria. However, we were

told that program graduates would be strong candidates for technical Cl-IS

specialty positions under the principal hygienists. It was also pointed

out that graduates may be attractive to smaller companies wishing to hire

OHS specialists. In summary then, industrial job prospects are uncertain,

but not improbable. Furthermore, any student in the program would have

the option of moving into a Masters or Ph.D. program (i.e. in Kinesiology,

with OI1SspeciãIization) to obtain more complete credentials as an

industrial hygienists."

Labour. The message from the labour meeting was that trade unions

and labour organizations might well be interested in hiring OHS professionals.

The number of trained OHS personnel working for labour in Canada has increased

---

A

S

?

17

since 1973 (9), and it is likely this trend will continue.

?

Labour

apparently feels that to deal effectively with OHS issues (i.e. in the

workplace, during bargaining sessions, or for purposes of worker

education), they must have their own experts to call upon.

?

Thus, despite

the fact that the proposed program is not aimed at workers (Section V),

it is possible that program graduates may find opportunities in the labour

community. ?

-

Government. ?

This is probably the most promising source of employment

for graduates of the proposed program. ?

During the steering committee

meeting with government OHS professionals (Section VI), interest in

graduates of the proposed program was expressed by the following govern-

mental departments.

(i) Labour Canada currently operates their own apprentice training

program for developing OHS specialists. ?

Employees selected for this

5

program usually have minimal prior OHS experience.

?

It was suggested that

the proposed S.F.U. program would co-ordinate well with this apprentice

program, and that S.F.U. graduates would most likely be able to move

directly into intermediate or advanced stages of training for OHS

specialist positions within Lab bur Canada.

(ii) B.C. Workers' Compensation Board has indicated a contingency

need for OHS technical specialists, and has suggested that graduates of

•

the proposed program most likely would be directly qualified for such

positions.

(iii) B.C. Labour Ministry also has expressed an interest in possibly

hiring graduates of the proposed program.

?

Tangible evidence for this

interest is provided by the decision of the Occupational Environment

Branch of-the Ministry to hire an S.F.U. Kinesiology graduate student

during the 1980 summer semester to conduct ergonomics field surveys and

to put together a collection of resource material on ergonomics.

Summary of*

--

iloynient Prospects.

?

From conservatives and meetings

with representatives of industry, labour, and government, it appears

---

.

18

likely that the commonly expressed need for greater emphasis on occupa-

tional health and safety in B.C. will find concrete epression in terms

of employment opportunities within these sectors for trained OHS

specialists. ?

There is reason to believe, therefore, that -

graduates of the proposed program will be able to find jobs appropriate

to their training and, skills.

ESD.

IV. /Prograirt Organization - Course Offerings

A. Prerequisites

Entry into the Extended Studies Diploma Program requires an under-

graduate degree.

?

An adequate background in

chemistry (one year), physics or engineering (one year), human physiology

division

(one semester, upper!

?

), mathematics (through calculus), and statistics

(one semester) represent basic prerequisites. The student should be able

appropriate.

to substitute,'work expetiene for some of these-prerequisites. However,

each student should have an adequate background to understand such diverse

topics as use of instruments, design of experiments, physical and chemical

factors affecting the design of the workplace, possible diseases resulting

from inadequate workplace design or hazardous expOsures, and the analysis

of data. A firm foundation of communication skills is also essential.

0

---

19

The prerequisite of some understanding of physiology merits par-

ticular emphasis, inasmuch as human physiology is the core discipline

for most areas of occupational health and safety, from human factors

to industrial hygiene to toxicology.

Students

will be strongly encouraged to take physiology if their background in

this area is weak.

B. Curriculum

It is proposed that the Extended Studies Diploma in Occupational

Health Science be offered as a one year

?

program consisting

of 9 core courses (26 credits) which all students must take, plus

optional courses to fu1fildiplonia requirements (at least 30 credits).

The major features of the proposed curriculum are as follows.

(1)

The program will be coordinated with the Environmental Toxi-

cology program (Fig. 1). Two Environmental Toxicology

courses are specified as core courses in the Occupational

Health Science program.

(2)

The program advocates ônew courses to be developed for the

L

core section. Of the new

S

#proposal forms, course outlines, and resource requirements for the new

courses specified are in Appendix 7.

---

courses proposed, two of them (Principles of

Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health Science Labora-

tory) represent an expansion of the current Kinesiology 480

course. The Field Practicum will entail student activities

and projects in the field and will not involve classroom

instruction. The 3 remaining courses are

?

classroom

courses: Introduction to Occupational Health Science,

Occupational. Safety and Hazard Management,, and Epidemiology and

Biostatistics.

(3) Except for the two Environmental Toxicology courses, all of

the core courses specified will be listed as OHS courses in

the course catalog.

(4) All new courses proposed are in the core section and are

specified as undergraduate courses. No new graduate courses

are proposed. No new optional courses are proposed.

PROPOSED CORE COURSES - 26 CREDITS

?

BISC 311-3 ?

introduction to Environmental Toxicology

?

300-3

?

Introduction to Occupatipnal Health Science

*OHS. 370-3 ?

Epidemiology and Biostatistics

?

OHS. 480-3 ?

Ergonomics/Human Factors in Working Environments

(now Kines. 480)

?

*0HS. 481-3

?

Principles of Industrial Hygiene

?

*OHS. 482-2 ?

Occupational Health Science Laboratory

0

---

21

*OHS. 489-3 ?

Occupational Safety and Hazard Management

*OHS. 490-3 ?

Field Practicum in Occupational Health Science

BISC 650-3

?

Industrial Toxicology

*

New course

PROPOSED OPTIONAL COURSES

Listed below are a series of courses already offered within the

University which have some relevance to Occupational Health Science

and which the student may choose from, depending on area of interest,

to complete the program requirements. It is proposed that the students

be allowed to choose 2-3 courses to bring the total credit load for the

program up to 31-35 credits (the optional courses listed range from

S

?

2 to S credits). The optional courses can be divided into four reas-

onably distinct areas of interest: (1) ergonomics/human factors;

(ii) industrial hygiene; (iii) physiology/toxicology; and (iv) socio-

economic and legal aspects. Some courses are listed under more than

one area.

Ergonomics/ an Factors

UndergTadU

KIN. 367-3

?

Psychology of Motor Performance Skill Acquisition

KIN. 401-3

?

Mechanics of Human Movement

KIN. 405-3

?

Human Physiology I

KIN. 467-3

?

The Components of Skilled Performance

BUS. 371-3

?

Organization Theory

S

?

BUS. 373-5

?

Operations

.Management

---

22

Graduate

KIN.-827-3

KIN. 828-3

KIN. 840-3

KIN. 865-3

KIN. 890-3

Industrial Hygiene

Undergraduate

KIN. 401-3

KIN 405-3

Q

V

INS 359-3

Graduate

Information Processing and Peformance

Seminar on Current Topics in Psychomotor

Behavior

Gross Body Mechanics

Neural Control of Movement

Engineering Aspects on Human Function

Mechanics of Human Movement

Human Physiology I

Acoustic Dimensions of Communication

KIN, 840-3 ?

Gross Body Movement

KIN. 890-3

?

Engineering Aspects of Human Function

BISC

810-2

?

Ionizing Radiation in Biology - Part I

CI

I

NS 839-5 ?

Acoustic Dimensions of Communications

Physiology/Toxicology

Undergraduate

KIN. 405-3

KIN. 406-3

KIN. 407-3

Human Physiology I

Human Physiology II

Human Physiology Laboratory

S

('

_)

L

---

. ?

23

Undergraduate Courses Related to Physiology/.Toxicology (continued)

KIN. 401-3

?

Mechanics of Human Movement

CHFM 371-3 ?

Chemistry of the Environment I

BISC 432-3

?

Chemical Pesticides and the Environment

GEOG 319-3 ?

Physical Interactions in the Environment

Graduate

KIN. 821-3

KIN. 840-3

KIN. 861-3

KIN. 865-3

BISC 651-3

BISC 846-3

BISC 652-3

Socio-Economic and Le

Undergraduate

Advanced Cardioresp iratory Physiology

Gross Body Mechanics

Control Mechanisms in Human Physiology

Neural Control of Movement

Food and Drug Toxicology

Pesticide Chemistry and Toxicology

Problem Analysis in Environmental Toxicology

a1 Aspects

BUEC

280-3

Introduction to Labor Economics

BUEC

293-3

Law in the Economic Society

BUS.

371-3

Organization Theory.

BUS.

373-5

Operations Management

BUEC

386-5

Industrial Relations,

BUS.

387-3

Personnel Management

BUS,

488-3

Human Relations in Business

ECON

381-5

Labor Economics

Directed independent study options are also available, in the Bio-

'sciences (toxicology), Chemistry (radiation), Communication (äüdiology,

c_

i:.

---

24 ?

•

noise), Kinesiology (biomechanics, human performance, fitness, motor

learning, physiology), and Women's Studies (Women in the Workplace)

departments for students wishing to pursue a specific line of study in

more detail.

C. Course Sequence

A logical course progression over three semesters would be as

follows.

Semester 1

*OH53003

?

Introduction to Occupational Health Science

BISC 311-3

?

Introduction to Environmental Toxicology

OHS. 480-3 ?

Ergonomics/Human Factors

?

S

*OHS.370...3 ?

Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Semester 2

*OHS.4813 ?

Principles of Industrial Hygiene

*OHS. 482-2 ?

Occupational Health Sciences Laboratory

BISC 650-3

?

Industrial Toxicology

-- (2-5 credits) Optional Course

Semester 3

*OHS. 489-3

?

Occupational Safety and Hazard Management

*0HS490...3 ?

Field Practicum

- - (2-3 credits) Optional Course

Proposal forms, course outlines, and resource requirements for the new

courses specified are in Appendix 7,.'

-

*New Course

---

A

?

I

.

25

D. Scope of Topics Covered in Core Courses

Some concern has been expressed regarding the adequacy with which

the proposed core courses will cover the diversity of topics related to

occupational health science. Clearly it would be desirable to have

separate courses for different major topics (e.g., industrial noise,

air contamination and control, industrial disease, radiation, etc.), yet

this would demand an S.F.U. commitment to new courses and staff which is

simply not feasible at present. I strongly believe that the proposed

core curriculum is designed to deal with all of the important topics and

issues in occupational health science in a reasonably thorough manner,

and I have drawn up the following table to support this claim. It

should also be emphasized that students will have the opportunity to

concentrate on certain topics through the optional courses listed above,.

or through the directed independent study option.

In drawing up the proposed series of courses, with the topics specified

offerings

in Table 1, I was guided by the course / of the 11 Educational Resource

Centers (ERC's) in Occupational Safety and Health in the U.S., which are

summarized in Appendix 4. The curriculum proposed here covers every one of

the eighteen core areas identified by at least one ERC, as can be seen by

comparing Table 1 and Appendix 4. I suggest therefore that the program

meets accepted criteria for academic. content. .

S

---

0

Table

]

.

OHSTOP

TCS

RvHASIZflD

IN

PROPOSE!)

CORE

COURSES

Intro.!

Epid.

Safety

H ?

to Intro.

Env.

to

Ergo- Indust.O.H.S.Bio-

Hazardlndust.

To

?

Tox.

D.H.S.iômics

Hyg.

Lab. ?

stat. Manag. Tox.

Industrial Hygiene Principles

x

x

X

Toxicology Principles

?

x

X

Occup. Safety Principles

x

x

Environmental Health Principles ?

x

x

Biostatistics

X

Epidemiology

x

Air Pollution ?

x

x

x

x

Ergonomic s/I-hjinan

Factors

x

x

x

x

Work Physiology

x

x

Materi4ls F!ariling

x

Misculcpskeletal Problems

x

x

Job ?

Workspace

Desgn

x

X

Machine ?

Tool

Design

x

x

Work Psyc1ology

x

x

Soc io-ecoitomic Pactors

x

x

Legal Aspcts-StandarcTh/Comprisation

x

PhysicalIazatd!

?

'.!

x

x

x

x ?

x

Heat/

Cold

?

:

x

x

!bisellution

Vibration

Illumiiat

ion

x

x

x

Industriai

Ventillationi

?

i

x

x

Noise Con ro1

j

x

A

A

A

A

x

x

x

H

x

x

X

x

x

x

x

x

x

X

X

H

x

x

x

x

x.

x

X

^m

*

Chemical/

.

iologicAl

iiaaras ?

x ?

x

Airbor*e Contaminants

Industrial Disese(Dermatoss,

?

x

Respiratory, qardiovscular)

Occupational Caicers ?

X

Behavioral Toxidology

Instrumentation MDnitofring

0ccupatioiial Safety

?

x ?

x

Accident Theory

Safety

I

Hazar s-Electrical,

FireMater:al, Design 1 ?

X

Thnergeiicy Prcedurs

Safety Codes/Liability

Safety Inspe4tion

Safety 1 Progrms

Occupational Stress

?

x ?

x

Women in the Workplace

?

x :

x

---

.

?

27

E. Course Descriptions of Core Courses

Brief descriptions of all of the core courses are given in this

section. Course proposal forms, course outlines, and resource requirements

are in Appendix 7.

BIOSCIEMIS 311-3

?

Introduction to Environmental Toxicology

A course intended to give the student a general understanding of envi-

ronmental toxicology with in-depth treatment of the toxic effects of a

few representative examples. An opportunity is given for students with

varying background

s

to up-date their knowledge of basic ecological,

physiological and biochemical processes.

• ?

Prerequisites: Completion of at least 60 semester hours credit in the

biological sciences program, or permission of the department.

*OHS.300-3

Introduction to Occupational Health Science

This course provides a general introduction to the field of occcupa-

tional health and safety. An overview of the major areas of importance

will be provided to indicate the multidisciplinary nature of the field

and the skills essential for a career in occupational health science.

Topics covered:

Definition of the Field

Duties and responsibilities of the

a-IS

Professional

Principles of Industrial Hygiene

Principles of Occupational Safety

Physical Occupational Hazards - Recognition, Evaluation, Control

Chemical/Biological Occupational Hazards - Recognition, Evaluation,

Control

Methods and Instrumentation

Human Factors and Ergonomics

Legal Issues/Workers''Compensation

Psychological and Social Factors

Women and Work

Careers in Occupational Health

c

?

;

---

28

?

.

OHS. 480-3 ?

Ergonomics/Human Factors in the Working Environment

This course covers the broad area of human factors in working environ-

ments. Topics covered include workplace design, principles of human

engineering, ergonomics, bioenergetics of work, motor performance in

the workplace and psychological aspects of the workspace. (Lecture!

Tuturial)

Prerequisites: KIN 100-3, PHYS 101-3, Math 151-3 or 154-3, and not

less than 45 hours.

Introduction to Ergonomics/Human Factors Engineering

Energy Cost and Efficiency of Human Activity

Physical Fatigue and Physical Stress

Biological Rhythm, Shift Work and Work Performance

Musculo/Skeletal Problems and Overexertion

Back Trauma and Injuries

Repetitive Motion Injuries

Materials Handling

Protective Clothing

Human Information Processing and Work

Decision Making and Reaction Time

Attention Demands and Movement Control

Job Design

Workspace Design

Machine and Tool Design

Social Factors

Women and Work

*OHS 481-3 ?

Principles of Industrial Hygiene

This course deals with the physiological aspects of work and the effects

of occupational

?

toxicants and stressors on human

physiology and work performance.

Topics covered:

Definition of Industrial Hygiene

Historical Aspects

Physical Hazards - Recognition, Evaluation, Control

Heat and Cold

0

---

S

S

29

Industrial Noise and Noise Control

Vibration - Whole Body and Segmental

Illumination

Ionizing and Nonionizing Radiation

Chemical and Biological Hazards - Recognition,

• Airborne Contaminants

Industrial Ventilation

Occupational Dennatoses

Occupational Respiratory Diseases

Cardiovascular Diseases of Occupational Origin

Behavioral Toxicology

Work and Cancer

Occupational Stress

Requisite Skills in Industrial Hygiene

Careers in Occupational Health

*OHS. 482-2

Occupational Health Sciences Laboratory

The purpose of this course is to introduce the student to the technology

and measurement techniques which are employed in detecting and assessing

occupational or environmental, effects on work performance.

Topics covered:

Evaluating Work Performance and Efficiency

Heat/Cold Effects on Work Performance

Pulmonary Function Testing

Noise Measurement and Control

Techniques for Dust and Toxic Gas Measurement

Workspace Design

Radiation Monitoring

Evaluating the Occupational Environment

The Safety Inspection

Ergonomic Aspects of Biomechanics

Effects of Toxicants on Human Behavior

*OHS. 370-3 ?

Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Types and procedures of epidemiological investigations, statistical

problems in etiological surveys, epidemiological and survey research

in environmental and occupational settings.

Prerequisites: Statistics through multiple regression. , some knowledge

•

?

of programming.

Evaluation, Control

ii

tft

---

30 ?

.

*OHS. 490-3

Field Practicum in Occupational Health Science

The purpose of this course is to provide the student with field experi-

ence in recognizing, detecting, assessing, and managing or controlling

physical or chemical hazards, toxicants or stressors in the workplace

which threaten occupational health and safety. It is envisaged that

S.F.U. will be able to enlist the co-operation of local industries

and/or institutions in providing opportunities for students to inter-

act with hygienists or medical officers in the field on a part-time

basis over a semester period. Credit would be earned through evalua-

tion by these individuals and/or field reports by the students.

*OHS 489-3

Occupational Safety and Hazard Management

This course deals with sources of industrial accidents, the role of

ergonomics and human factors in job safety, the identification of

workplace hazards, the design and implementation of safety programs,

and legal and governmental regulations governing job safety.

Topics covered:

Theories of Accidents

Statistical and Epidemiological Approaches to Hazard Analysis

Ergonomics, Job Design, and Job Safety

Training and Accident Control

The

W

alk-Around - Recognizing Jab Hazards

Safety Codes and Workers' Compensation

Electrical Hazards

Hazardous Materials Handling

Fire Hazards

First Aid and Emergency Procedures

Product Liability

Hazard Management Programs

Noise' Control.

Ventilation

BIOSCIENCES 650.-

Industrial Toxicology

This course will give a detailed overview and study of the toxic effects

of the major contaminants and waste products in the environment due to

the industrial activity of the human population.

Prerequisites: BISC 311-3

S

t_

,

',

---

S

S ?

31

V. Need for Labour Education and Training in a-is

Bluntly speaking, the proposed Extended Studies Diploma program

does not meet the needs of labour for OHS education and training.

Many

union

members do not have a college degree required for entrance into the

program. Most who do have a degree would not be willing or able to take

a year off from work to get the diploma. Nevertheless, there is an acute

need and demand for occupational health and safety education and training

among workers in British Columbia. The purpose of including this

section as part of the program proposal is to underscore the intensity of

the need, to present examples of how labour education is handled by

other OHS programs, and to outline how the need currently is being

met at S.F.U. I suggest that the credibility, appeal, and strength

of the proposed program will be substantially enhanced by the labour

education program in OHS already underway at S.F.U.

A. Evidence of Need

There appears to be a burgeoning interest in (ES issues among workers

in B.C. At a February 25, 1980 meeting I had with over 40 PPWC safety

representatives, repeated emphasis was placed on the need for improved

access to (ES information and for better worker education and training

in the occupational safety area. The

a-IS

course for workers offered

during the 1980 B.C. Federation of Labour meetings in Harrison Hot

Springs was oversubscribed, with an enrollment roughly twice that of 1979

(14). During the steering committee meeting with labour (Section VI), one

of the strongest messages was that the needs of B.C. workers for education

and training in the Cl-IS area are unfulfilled, and that any effort on the

part of S.F.U. to meet these needs would be positively received. Safety

representatives, shop stewards, ais committee members, contract negotiators,

0

---

.

32

nd union officers were

pinpointed

as

Individuals

who

would

specifically

benefit from

OHS

courses tailored to workers One of the students at a

thivesity of

Wisc

onsin" School fOr Workers cbnfereñcè (April.

1980) on job stress and shift work

?

was a

member of IWA

Region

1 (B C ), who paid his own way to Madison because of an interest

in

the dpic

aidbecàu.sè

of the unavailability

of

a

cOiüpárbie course in B.C.

These various

èpiessions

of démáridrëflOcL the somewhat

limited

scope of

workèi'

edUcãtidri courses currently available in

:

B.C. Thus,

the

Workers

t

onOnsation

Board and

Cál1iii

Collège both offei

ths

courses for worker's, yet the

following topics are among those called to my attention

' as being dealt

with inade q uately or not at all ergonomics and

human factors, job

stress, chemical hazards and carcinogens, occupational physiology,

diobiology nd

?

hazards, vibrãtibn hazards;

industrial disease.

an

i]

1^

?

-,

4,j KZ

---

• ?

.4

p

33

B. Worker Education Programs in OHS at Other Institutions

On-going OHS worker education programs at other institUtions serve

as models for ?

S.F.U. efforts in this area. Typically, these

programs are open to all but are aimed specifically at trade unionists.

Typically, the programs are short, lasting from one day to one week,

and concentrated, focussing on specific OHS topics such as noise, indus-

trial accidents, ergonomics, etc. In the U.S., programs dealing with

OSHA and OSH regulations also are popular. It is common for certificates

to be awarded to students successfully completing the program. Programs

of which I am aware generally are conducted in a seminar format, with

one or more speakers lecturing on various aspects of the chosen topic.

Films, field trips, plant walk-arounds, and round-table discussions are

variations on the seminar format.

r

S

:)

r

j

---

34

C. Occupational Health Resource Centre at S.F.U.

Within a week after the April meeting with labour (ITS professionals

concerning this academic proposal (Section VI), two of the guests

at

the

meeting, Larry Stoffman and Susan Kennedy, came forward with a proposal of

their own for the establishment of a program at S.F.U. concerned with labour

education. The alacrity of their response is noteworthy, since I believe

it illUstrates the extraordinary interest which the OHS field in general,

and S.F.U. efforts in particular, can arouse. Subsequently, Dean Calvert

approved the interim appointment of Stoffinan and Kennedy to organize and

direct an Occupational Health Resource Centre at S. F.U., operating within

the Institute

for

Hi.iman Performance and Continuing Studies.

Appendix 5 is a copy of a recent brochure announcing the Centre.

The major aims are to provide service to the labour community, in the form

of non-credit OHS courses

?

hazard

surveys, and OHS information. The Centre has been averaging about one

session per week since it started.

This success makes the argument for the academic program, embodied in

this proposal, even more compelling. The academic and labour education programs

together represent a base which will enable S.F.U. to build a solid

reputation of both basic and applied involvement in occupational health

science.

I

0

---

r ?

0

35

S

VI. Program Review and Critique

A series of steering committee meetings have been held since March

1980, with various individual and groups of (i-IS professionals, to review

and critique the proposed program. The group's meetings were with S.F.U.

advisors and with industrial, labour and governmental representatives

active in the c*-iS field. We felt that these meetings were essential for

establishing contact with professionals directly concerned with 01-IS, for

eliciting objective, rigorous suggestions regarding strengths and

weaknesses of the proposed program, and for exploring possibilities for

future-co-operation between S.F.U. and other individuals or agencies,

as regards (i-IS research, education, and training. A preliminary proposal

for this program

?

was 'distributed to all of

the guests at these meetings.

S

The schedule of meetings held is in Table 1. The individual guests

at the group meetings with industrial, labour, and governmental OHS

0

---

.

professionals, and with the external S.F.U. advisors, are listed in

Table 2. Dean Calvert also asked Dr. Gordon Atherley, President of

the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, to comment

on our intentions to initiate an 0-IS program. A copy of his letter

of reply is in Appendix 6, along with a letter from Dr. Lockhart commenting

on the pro grain.

The

major points raised during these meetings have been cited in

preceding sections, and I will not discuss the detailed minutes. In

a number of respects (e.g. course content and emphasis, attention to

worker education), the program and this proposal have been revised to

reflect the views expressed. I believe the record indicates that we

have been successful in subjecting the proposed program to rigorous,.

thorough, objective analysis and scrutiny by leading OHS professionals

from B.C. and elsewhere. Considering the integral ties between OHS

issues and society itself, we felt that external review Was essential

for the program to have real credibility, and meaning. The meetings

held are in line with that objective and have materially strengthened

the program.

0

---

.

?

37

Table 1. Schedule of Meetings Held to ?

Review Proposed Program

Date (1980)

?

Meeting

March 24 ?

Industrial Hygienists Group*

April.8 ?

Mr. Robert Sass, Director, Occupational

Health Safety Division, Department

of Labour, Province of Saskatchewan

April 10

?

External S.F.U. Advisors Group*

April 18

?

Labour Group*

April 21 ?

Government. Group*

• ?

April 28

?

Dr. George Hagglund, Director, University

of Wisconsin Extension School for Workers,

University of Wisconsin - Madison

* See Table 2 for list of guests.

---

38

Table 2. Guests at Group Meetings Held to

?

Review Proposed Program

Meeting

?

Guests

•

Industrial I1yginists

Dr. David Appleton

Corporate Industrial Hygienist

Madvlillan Bloedel Ltd.

Dr. Kelly Gibney

Industrial Hygienist

Industrial Safety Office

B.C. Hydro

Mr. Dwight Guy

Personnel

Cf. Oil of B. C.

Dr. Robert Lockhart

Industrial Hygieiist

Industrial Safety Office

B.C. Hydro

r

Esternal S.F.U. Advisors

Mr. Clive ytle

conpni4rg Studies Labour

Education Program

Dr. Mary Lynn McDougall

Women's Studies

Dr. Barry Truax

Communication

Labour OHS professionals

Mr. Keith Graham

Director of Occupational. Health

and Safety

B.C. Federation of Labour

Ms. Susan Kennedy

Western Occupational Health

Resources

---

.

Ms. Verna Ledger

Director of Occupational Health

and Safety

IWA, Region 1

Mr. Angus McPhee

President, PPWC

Mr. Craig Paterson

Attorney - Specialist in OHS Law

Sun, Paterson Brail

Mr. Paul Petrie

Compensation Advisory Services

B.C.. Ministry of Labour

Mr. Larry Stoffman

Western Occupational Health

Resources

Ms. Kathy Walker

Director of Occupational Health

and Safety

CAIMAW

Mr. Norton W. Youngs

Health Safety Officer

Telecommunications Workers Union

r

.

?

39

Table 2 (cont'd)

Government OHS Professionals

• Mr. Cohn Aykroyd

Research Planning Branch

B.C. Ministry of Labour

.

Mr. David Bell

Occupational Environment Branch

B.C. Ministry of Labour

Mr. Douglas Cameron

Assistant Deputy Minister of Labour

B.C. Ministry of Labour

Provincial Representative - CCOHS

Mr. Patrick Crawshaw

Regional Director

Health Services E Promotion Branch

Health Welfare Canada

---

40 ?

.

Dr. Craig L.T. Galbraith

Assistant Director

Division of Occupational Health

B.C. Ministry of Health

Dr. James H. Lindsay

Director, South Unit

City of Vancouver Department of

Health

Dr. Roy Maicepeace

Medical Director

B.C. Hydro

Mr. Joe Sullivan

Labour Canada

Dr. William-S. Whitehead

Assistant Director - Medical Services

B.C.. Workers' Compensation Board

Dr.

Val

Wuorinen

Education Manager

Research Education Department ?

is

Prevention Services

B.C. Workers Conensation Board

S

---

-I

S

S

41

VI. References

1.

Banister, E. (Ed.), Human Performance in Business and Industry.

Burnaby, B.C.: Simon Fraser University Press, T978

2.

Dinuch, H. and Sterling, T., Report on the pulmonary function study

of chemical workers, 1979. S.F.U. Computing Science Department,

February 22, 1980.

3.

Occtationa1 Health in Canada_- Current Status, Ottawa: Health and

Welfaretanada, 1977.

4.

"Fatal accidents in manufacturing and construction industry",

Canadian Health and Safety News, September 3, 1979.

S. "Worker injuries cost $4 billion", The

.

Province Newspaper (Vancouver),

January 29, 1980

0

p. E16.

6.

Industrial Health and Safety Re

g

ulations, Vancouver: Workers' Com-

pensation of British Columbia, October 1, 1979, Appendix A.

7.

Threshold Limit Values for Airborne Contaminants, Washington, D. C.:

AricaConfeience of Governnntal industrial Hygienists, 1976.

8.

Handbook of Occuptioná1 Health and Saf

ety,

Hull, Quebec: Supply

and Services Canada, 1978, P. 39.

9.

Robert Sass (Director of Occupational Health and Safety, Ministry

of Labour, Province of Saskatchewan) personal communication,

May 5 , 1980.

10.

Weis, W.J. III, Purcell, T.C., Street, M.H., and Kendrick, P.H.

Directory of Academic Programs in Occupational Safety and Health.

Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. IX-IEW, PHS, Centre for Disease Control,

NICH Division of Training and Manpower Development, 1979.

11.

Pearson, R.G. (Ed.). International Directory of Educational Programs

in Ergonomics/Human Factors. Santa Monica, California: Inter-

national Ergonomics Association/Human Factors Society (U.S.A.)

1979.

12.

Simon Fraser University Calendar, 1979-80. Burnaby: Simon Fraser

University, 1979.

13.

Simon Fraser University Graduate Studies Calendar, 1979-80. Burtaby:

Simon Fraser University, 1979.

14.

Graham, K., Director of Occupational Health and Safety, B.C. Federation

of Labour (CLC), personal communication.

---

APPENDIX 1

CANADIAN

ACADEMIC

PROGRAMS ?

IN ?

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH/OCCUPATIONAL ?

SAFETY/INIIJS .

TRIAL HYGIENE, 1979/1980

S

':

---

• ?

a

1-2

S

I. ?

Certificate or Diploma Programs

1.

British Columbia Institute of Technology; Vancouver, B.C.

OHS Technology - 2 Year Certificate (Proposed).

2.

Ryerson Polytechnic; Toronto Ontario

OHS - 1 Year Course (night) for Health Inspectors - sponsored

by Envirojimental Health Department.

3.

Humber College; Rexdale, Ontario

OHS Engineering, 6 semesters (3 years), diploma not specified.

4.

Various community colleges in Ontario offer Extension Department

courses for trade unions.

5.McMaster University; Hamilton, Ontario

Occupational Health and Safety Diploma (3 months, 1 course).

6. University of Toronto (see 11-3 below).

5 ?

II. Baccalaureate and Advanced Degree Program - (1-IS

1.

University of Moncton; Moncton, New Brunswick

Industrial Hygiene option in Industrial Engineering Program,

M.S. (15 course credits and 33 thesis credits).

2.

University of Toronto: Toronto, Ontario

Occupational and Environmental Health, Master of Health Science

(15-22 months), MS., Ph.D.

Diploma in Industrial Health (9 months)

Baccalaureate and Advanced Degree Programs - Human Factors/EgonOIfliCS

J.

Simon

Fraser University; Burnaby, B.C.

Kinesiology - Bioengineering/Kinetics, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2. University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta

Psychology - Human Factors, M.S.

3.

University of Guelph; Guelph, Ontario

Ergonomics Unit, School of Human Biology - Human Kinetics,

B.Sc., M.Sc.,

4.

University of Moncton; Moncton, New Brunswick

5 ?

Industrial Engineering - human Factors/BiomeChaflics, M.Sc.

---

.2 ?

.

5.

University of Regina; Regina, Saskatchewan

Industrial Systems Engineering, B.Sc.., M.Sc.

6.

University of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario

Industrial Engineering - Human Factors, M.Sc., Ph.D.

7.

University of Waterloo; Waterloo, Ontario

Kinesiology - Biornechanics, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Systems Design Engineering -,Human Systems, B.Sc., M. Sc., Ph.D.

8.

University of Windsor; Windsor, Ontario

Industrial Engineering, M.Sc., Ph.D.

#Reference: Pearson, R.G. (Ed.). International Directory of Educational

Programs in Ergonomics/Human Factors. Santa Monica, California:

International Ergonomics Association/Human Factors Society (U.S.A.),

1979.

S

0

---

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---

APPENDIX 3

FEDERAL REPORT ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN CANADA, 1977. MAJOR CONCERNS.

1. FACING A NEW CHALLENGE

O

ccuational health was identified as a prioriy area by Federal and

Provincial Deputy Ministers of Health in June 1975. As a major area of health

promotion and preventive action, increased effort w

?

required on a national?

basis.

The first step was a thorough study of occupational health in Canada. A

year-long effort was directed to this, resulting in

1

a comprehensive synthesis

of information that forms the background document to this brief report.*

As with many technically advanced and complexly administered areas, the

field of occupational health is continually changing. Concepts are evolving,

priorities are being re-evaluated and revised, new or improved legislation and

regulations are being rendered.

This document idenifies a number of major concerns that need immediate

investigation and evaluation if the well-being of all working Canadians and

the public at large are to be improved.

1.1 Concerns

The initial study into occupational health in Canada revealed a

number of major concerns that must be discussed and resolved

?

Let's look?

at some of the basic findings;

• Although the quality of working life has improved copsiderably

during the last century the results are varied and uneven. 1urthermore,

the workplace has become more complex and new hazards have arisen. Each

year at least 200 new health problems arise,' all unknown the year

before, and most of these are associated, unwittingly and unwillingly,

with the work environment.

*

Health

Occupational

and Welfare,

Health

1977.

in Canada

(publication

- A Descriptive

pending)

View.

D

epartment

'

of National!

---

• Canada lacks a natonal policy and co-ordinated program on

S

occupational health and there is no Canadian focal point for information

collection and exchange.

• Few professional, industry, government, or other organizations

exist at a national level to promote co-ordination.

• Occupational health programs and workers'

compensation systems

vary among the provinces and a substantial variation in occupational

health standards exists leading to inequalities, unevenness and incon-

sistencies.

• Development of workaite health and safety programs and

services is

highly variable and tends to be concentrated in areas where there are

greater numbers of employees (Ontario, Quebec and, to a lesser extent,

British Columbia) or in large corporations (more than 500 employees).

• Occupational health data (hazards, effects, health status) are not

monitored comprehensively on national or provincial levels. The magnitude

of occupational health problems can only be estimated based upon available

S

data and is believed much higher than previously indicated.

• Traditionally, occupational health research and programs have

focussed on acute accidents and injuries (immediate problems) rather than

on the more insidious work-related illnesses and diseases (chronic

problems).

• The array of legislation and regulations and agencies involved is

complex, and compounds the difficulties of coordination, co-operation and

employer compliance.

• The requirements (present and future) for occupational health

workers, both professional and technical, are. not known; at present only

public health inspectors and safety professionals have specialty certifi-

cation procedures.

• Until recently, employees have taken only modest

responsibility

for occupational health, whether on an individual, union, or joint labour

management level.

e

These problems must be examined in more detail, for it now is time to

decide what should and must be done about occupational health in Canada.

3-2

---

APPENDIX 4

Courses Offered by Eleven Educational Resource Centers in

?

Occupational

Safety

and Health in the U.S. - 1979

-

Number, of

ERCs

Offering

Identifying It

Course

Course

as Core Course

Air

Biostatjstjcg

Pollution

11

6

3

ChemistryEcology

-

?

Human

E

nvironmental/Industrial

Hygiene

1

4

1

2

Carcinogens

E

Epidemiologyrgonomics/Human

Factors

10

13

5

1

1

Hygiene/Health

Hygiene/Health -

-

Environmental

Industrial

5

7

3

4

Hygiene/Health -

Occupational

7

5

Aerosol

Ventilation

Physiology

NoiseSafety

Toxicology

Occupational

Monitoring,

Hygiene

-

ScienceLaboratory

Industrial

-

-

-

Instrumentation,

Human

En

Diseases/MedicalIndustrial

vironmentallOceupational

*

?

?

.

.

Measurement

.

10

.4

-5

2

B6

43

7

1

2

1

1

7

3

2

4

-

0

Analytical

Air

Computer

& Gas'

ApplicationsChemistryCleaning

?

?

-

?

.

.

1

1

1

0.

0

0

Management

Meterology

Law

Ctiteria

Environmental

- Environmental

&

of

Standards

-

EnvirAir

& Work

Pollution

on

?

m

-

Physiologyental/Occupatjonal

Environmental

-

Health

2

1

1i

-

- ?

0

0

0

0

2

0

Physics

Policy -

-

Occupational

Medical ?

Health

-

1

1

- ?

0

0

Social

Radiation/Radiological

Psychology/Behavior

Implications

?

- OccupationalHazards

?

0 -

?

--

.

2

7

?

-

. ?

0

0

.

2

-.

?

0

---

5-1

a

APPENDIX 5

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

RESOURCE CENTRE

An Occupational Health Resource Centre has been

established at Simon Fraser University.

The centre is committed to developing programmes

and activities according to your requests and needs in

occupational health and safety.

Upon the request, and with the cooperation of your

union and the workers involved, we will be undertaking

the following activities:

* HEALTH HAZARD ANALY SES

* IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND

SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR CONTROL

* UNION/WORKER CONTROLLED WORKPLACE

MONITORING

* A HEALTH & SAFETY INFORMATION SERVICE

* PUBLIC SEMINARS, SYMPOSIUMS AND

WORKSHOPS

S

S

S

---

ii..

For more information

or to be on our mailing

list contact:

.

r

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESOURCE CENTRE

?

Institute of Human Performance

?

Simon Fraser University

?

Burnaby, B.C.?

Telephone: 291-4589 or 879-8587

?

(Days or Evenings)

.

Li)

---

• ?

d

[11

6-1

APPENDIX 6

COMMENTS ON PROPOSED PROGRAM BY

DR. GORDON ATHERLEY AND DR. ROBERT LOCKHART

r

0

---

)

CanadIw Cm** for

OccuPidon

i Hth and -

Office

o

t the President

C*ntre canadlen d'hyØöni .t

do sécurité au travail

Cabinet

du

Président

435r5O

H*,$1ttOfl,

Onta'o

LOP 1P46

(416) 523-2961

1980 04 11

File Ref# P80-359

Thomas W Calvert Dean

Simon Fraser University

Faculty of Interdisciplinary

Studies

Burnaby B C

V5A 1S6

Dear Dean Calvert

Thank you for your letter about your plans for a

post-bachelor's degree in occupational health.

4

7.'

1•

I have a very strong interest in academic development

ofthis kind, having been chairman of the Department

of Safety and Hygiene at the University of Aston in

Birmingham, U.K. For a short time, I was also a

Professor of Occupational Medicine at the University

of Toronto.

At the University of Aston, we developed programmes at

all levels: PhD, Masters, Diploma,

Certificate, and

Undergraduate.

There was ample demand at all these levels domestically,

and worldwide. Our programmes attracted students from

countries as diverse as the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. My

view, therefore, is that there is abundant scope for good

programmes at. all levels -- provided that the catchment is

sufficiently

wide. I feel sure that in order to maintain

adequate student numbers, any programme would have to look

beyond the needs of a single province. There is a

tendency, an understandable tendency, to develop

occupational health

and

safety programmes by the method

of spatchcock. That is to say, programmes are built up by

the interpolation of new fragments within existing frameworks.

The method has obvious attraction, especially in these

economy-minded times. But that method has been responsible,

I believe, for some of the failures to thrive, on the part of

occupational health and safety programmes, observable in

certain Canadian universities.

-2

?

.

.

.

5,2

---

6-3

S ?

-2 -

My view is that academic responsibility and some

resources should be given to an interested and well-

qualified individual who can demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the field. That individual should be

able to exploit the opportunities which currently

exist, and be able to build up a.successful academic

enterprise.

Your

(1) What

question:

is the need for professionals in this area?

"Professionals" is a dirty word just now. organized

labour and, increasingly, employers doubt the usefulness

of the current generation of professionals inthis field.

On the other hand, there is an almost desperate shortage

of competent and well-trained people capable of functioning

in challenging, complex, diverse areas of expertise. My

feelings are that academic development would be well advised

to aim to produce graduates soundly educated in defined

areas, but without too close an identification with any of

the current professional orientations. At Aston, we

•

?

deliberately concentrated on the educational development,

and viewed with some skepticism the advice of the

professionals. On this approach, the department in terms of

student numbers at least, became the biggest in Europe and,

i understand, continues in that position.

(2) What level of qualificati

on

is appropriate?

In my opinion, all levels are appropriate -- much depends

on the expertise available in academic development.

Most academic

develOPIefltS

begin at the post-bachelor's

level. i suspect that this level is determined more by

---resource questions in universities, than by careful

appraisals of society's needs. There seems to be a general,

and i believe wrong, assumption that graduate-level studies

than bachelor's-level studies. I

require fewer resources

?

.

don't agree with this assumption., and 1 consider that it has

led to some very poor academic development, because i believe,

faculty has failed to recognize the level of complexity to

which occupational health and safety has now developed. Some

people view the subject as a mixture of applied common sense

and existing knowledge; this is not an adequate model, a

criticism readily appreciated by intelligent graduate students.

In the medical and engineering areas, there is much to

be said

for the velont of an

m dergraduate half

-co

urse ad at preparing all

W

?

physicians and all engineers with a modicum of relevant

occupational health and safety expertise. For the faculty

responsible for developing the half course, the introduction

to occupationa

l

health and safety would be an excellent

preparation for the more severe graduate work.

-

---

-3-

(3) What

a programme?

should be the areas of concentration for such

0

.1 believe that the answers to that question can be

determined by means of established procedures of educational

technology. We can begin by asking ourselves what the

competent graduate/post-graduate/diplomate/pOStdOCtOral

student should be able to know/do/understand/research.

Certainly, the professional organizations would provide some

answers to these questions, but my experience is that their

answers reflect

their own perceptions of their own jobs, and

not necessarily the perceptions of management and labour

with whom they will in many

instances

have to work.

I do not favour the "catalogue" approach to curriculum

development. You mention epidemiology, for example.

At first sight, epidemiology appears highly relevant and,

therefore, there would be a tendency to give weight to that

subject on any curriculum. Closer scrutiny of epidemiology,

however, shows that much of it is not in fact relevant to

occupational health and safety, having been developed to deal

with problems fundamentally different from those affecting

the

worker community. Further scrutiny also shows that

certain of the key epidemiologic techniques are, in fact,

misapplied in occupational health and safety. Therefore, I

personally am cautious about the over-reliance on epidemiolog

seen in many curricula. Instead, I should prefer to see the

curriculum developed from questions such as: what are the

methods of measurement applicable in occupational health, and

what does the graduate/post-graduate heed to know about these,

and which of these should s/he be able to apply, and with what

level of skill?

The educational

developments

in the U.S. are difficult to

evaluate. I have seen evidence of

several unsuccessful

attempts at transplants of U.S.-developed educational ideas

into

non-U.S.

educational/social environment. My own feeling

is that the academic development

of occupational health and

safety in Canada should be the subject of independent thinking,

as implied in your letter.

Finally, you may find it useful to exchange ideas with my

successor at Aston; he is Dr. Richard T. Booth, Professor and

Head, Department of Safety and Hygiene,

University

of Aston in

Birmingham, Birmingham B4 7ET, England.

Yours sincerely

Gordon Atherley

?

.

President

GA: pm

---

6-5

—

BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO AND POWER AUTHORITY

SAFETY ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6952 Merritt Avenue

Burnaby, B.C., Canada

V5J 4R6

(604) 438-6481

Dr. T.J. Smith

Coordinator, Occupational Health

?

1 May 1980

Services Program

?

- File: 132.47

Dept. of Kinesiology

?

RWL-46-80

Simon Fraser University

Burnaby, B.C.

V5A 1S6

Dear Dr. Smith:

?

-

The training of an Industrial Hygienist as well as

every other professional or administrative member of industry

should include as a minimum an introduction to some basic

"relating" skills that deal with psychology and the human

element. I appreciate this opportunity to expound on some

of my thoughts in this area that were raised in our earlier

. ?

meeting. I am also using this opportunity to further the

idea of a basic course designed to tie together some less

technical concepts of industrial hygiene of which every

Hygienist must be aware. I view this as a required course

presented in the 1st year'of your Diploma Program.

The format should be designed to open the following

factors to discussion:

a) Industrial Hygiene: recognition, evaluation and control;

the most important of which is control. Definition of

industrial hygiene and occupational health.

- ?

b) Aspects of industrial hygiene: chemical, biological,

and physical energy hazards

-

, and ergonomic considerations

The relevance of each of these categories within industry

in Western Canada must-be covered, remembering the

intensity of the Hygienist's effort in any one area will

depend on the challenges of each specific industry.

c)

Historical aspects of industrial hygiene:

- milestones (European and American)

- institutionalization

- current status (Canada vs U.S.A.)

.legal aspects

• Industries response

Labours response

S

-

future projections

d)

Careers in Occupational health: Physician, Industrial

Hygienist, Engineer, Safety Professional, Inspector and

Technologist, and the role of each in the recognition,

evaluation, and control of health hazards.

---

OAMIM

e) Skills required by an Industrial Hygienist: Technical

competence is obvious, however, alone it is not enough

since, to be successful in industry, an Industrial

Hygienist must work with and through other people. This

requires some specific administrative and "relating"

skills. I see four major goals of an industrial hygiene

program where these skills are necessary: training of

safety staff and employees; promotion of industrial

hygiene ideas to management; preparation of Corporate

guidelines and work practicesfor dealing with potentially

dangerous situations; and, representation of industry

with outside organizations (eg; W.C.B.).

The skills of which I speak include communication

ability (oral and written), planning ability, sound judgement

(achieved by consulting and listening) and interpretive

(analysis) ability. The Hygienist must be capable of

documenting his ideas, decisions and actions; and be able

to define and work within the limitations of budget, manpower

and corporate restrictions of the system in which he works.

Effective control of these skills will enhance the patience,

persistence and confidence the Hygienist must possess to

work effectively with other people to achieve his goals.

Rather than define each of these skills t will

give

a

few

examples where they are necessary to achieve the

above four goals:

- the

staff

industrial

and employees

Hygienist

in the

must

recognition

be able to

of

instruct

hazaids,

safetyand

?

S

the benefits of certain work practices. Training is a

major aspect of every industrial industrial hygiene program.

- the Industrial Hygienist must be able to interpret the

significance of regulations and biological and technical

facts. The danger associated with some hazards may require

immediate action. Know when to be forceful and when to

be patient.

- the Industrial Hygienist must develop credibility with

management and unions (an appreciation of managerial

problems is helpful).

- the IndustrialHygienist is successful only if he can sell

his program to

iiianagement, and the program is successful

only if he can sell it to the union and employees.

- the Industrial Hygienist must be able to obtain ptoduct

information from manufacturers. At times the desired

knowledge is. considered proprietary and the situation

requires patience

and

persistence before the information

is obtained.

- the IndUstrial Hygienist must be capable of clearly

documenting his ideas, decisions and actions. This is

especially important when action by others is required.

• .13

---

•/3

?

RW L 4 ( - 8()

?

6-7

S ?

-

it is unfortunate, but some WCB Orders are insufficiently

supported by fact, or are not clear in the required action.

Fortunately, the WCB is quite receptive to a review of

these Orders if the Industrial Hygienist is supported by

logical, well founded argument.

- chronic hazards are frequently viewed by employees as

insignificant if there is no apparent. damage. Counter-

action of this common response by the Industrial Hygienist

requires the use of all of the communicative and other

"relating" skills the Hygienist possesses.

I agree with your suggestion to use specialized

teaching staff to outline these basic skills with students.

The learning experience will also be reinforced if the

student applies these concepts in the preparation and

presentation of his technical projects throughout the Diploma

Program.

I hope you will find the ideas presented in the

letter to be useful. They are not new but they are necessary

I think to give the student a healthy overview of the situations

and challenges he will deal with after graduation.

Again, I appreciate the opportunity to participate

in the planning of your Diploma Program and look forward

to meeting you again.

Sincerely,

4Le4z&ao /

RWL;lc

?

R.W. Lockhart, Ph.D.

---

7-1

..

APPENDIX 7

PROPOSED EXTENDED STUDIES D1PL1A IN

?

OCCUPATIONAL HFALTH SCIENCE.

NEW COURSE DESCRIPTIONS AND RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS

Contents;

I, New Goqre Descriptions

?

(p. 7-1a)

II. References

?

(p.

7-18)

III.

Budgetary

and

Space Requirements

?

(p. 7-44)

1V. Library Resources

?

(p. 7-47)

---

[11

7-la

I:

?

NEW COURSE DESCRIPTIONS:

Proposal forms for the six new OHS courses to be offered within

the Kinesiology Department follow. These courses are:

OHS.

300--3 -

Introduction to OccupatiQnal Health Science

OHS.

370-3 ?

-

Epidemiology and Biostatistics

OHS.

480-3

-

ErgonomicsjHuman Factors in Working Environments

OHS.

481-3

Principles of Industrial Hygiene

OHS.

482-2 -

Occupational Health, Sciences Laboratory

cl-IS.

489-3 -

Occupational Safety and Hazard Management

OHS.

490-3

?

-

Field Practicum in Occupational Health Science

---

SENATE COMMITTEE ON UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES

NEW COURSE PROPOSAL FORi

1.

Calendar Information

?

Department: KInesiology

Abbreviation Code:

?

OHS. Course Number: 300

?

Credit Bouri:

3

.

?

Vector:

?

3-1-0

Title of Course:

?

'INTRODUCTiON To OCCUPATIONAL tIEAITtI SCIENCE

Calendar Description of Course:

Provides a general introduction to the field of occupational health and safety. Topics

discussed will include physicaf hazards, chemical/biological hazards, ergonomics/human

factors, job stress, safety principles, hazard ana'lysis,añd industrial disease, in

relation to man and work. The course is designed to survey the know1dge and skills

Va ll%ffi b

ia

o

l f

?

in occupational health science/industrial hygiene.

Lecture and TutQrial

Prerequisites

'(or special instructions):

Completion of at least 60 semester hours credit in the Klnesiologv program, or permission

of the Department.

What course (courses),

if any,

is being dropped from

the

câiéfldar if

' this

course is

approved: ?

None

2. Scheduling

How frequently viii the course be offered?

?

Once per year

Semester in which the course will first be

'àffered? 81-3

Which

of

your present faculty

would be available to !ñak''the proposed offering

poSsible?.

Smith, Banister, Mori-ison

3.

Objectives of the.:CôUrse

To introduce the student to the systems principles involved in the interaLion of man and

work, to survey the benefits and hazards of that interaction, and to 'emphasize the multi-

disciplinary nature of the field by focussing on fOur main topic areas: ergnomics/

human factors, industriallhygiene

1

safety, and occupational toxicology.

4.

Budgetary and Space Requirements (for information only)

What additiohal resources will be required in the following areas:

Li

Faculty

S af I

Library

Audio Visual

Space

Equipment

See Attached Schedule

5. Approval

?

DEC

?

do

Date:

•

?

__

Department Chairman

?

Dean ?

Cairman,SS

SCUS 73-34b:- (When completing thi8 form, for insirucil(,riu see Memorandum SCUS 73-34a.

Attach courue outline).

/- .

---

7-3

NEW COURSE DESCRIPTION

OHS. 300-3 ?

INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE

SUMvIARY:

This course will provide a general introduction to the field of

occupational health and safety, and will survey the knowledge and

skills essential for a career in this area.

JUSTIFICATION:

It is anticipated that students interested in occupational health

and safety, either within the diploma program or otherwise, will

have a diversity of backgrounds and preconceptions as to what the

field entails. This course will lay the groundwork for the entire

OHS program by:

(1)

introducing the field of occupational health science as

an integrated discipline

(2)

defining major areas of emphasis to be dealt with in sub-

sequent OHS courses and

(3)

outlining professional career opportunities in occupational

health and safety in terms of requisite skills and knowledge

S ?

from both a theoretical and practical standpoint. These

functions make the course essential to the entire program.

TEXTS:

Stellman, J.M.

?

Daum, S.M. Work is Dangerous to your Health,

New York: Vintage, 1973.

Key, M.M. et al. (Eds.). Occupational Diseases. A Guide to

Their Recognition. Washington, D.C.: NIOSH, 1977.

COURSE- OUTLINE:

The following major topic areas will be covered (number of lectures

in parentheses).

Introduction and Overview of Occupational Health Science (1).

Ergonomics/Human Factors in Job, Workplace, Machine and Tool Design (5).

Sources of Occupational Stress (3).

Workplace Hazards and Industrial .Disease (12);

Physical Hazards

S ?

Chemical Hazards

Biological Hazards

MIDTEIM EXAM

'-

S._

---

Principles of Industrial Hygiene (6).

Evaluation of Workplace Hazards

Setting Safe Exposure Limits

Behavioral Toxicology (1).

Accidents, Injuries and Safety (3).

Principles of Hazard Management (1).

Women in the Workplace (1).

Historical Aspects of Industrial Hygiene (1).

Legal Aspects/Workers' Compensation (2).

The Occupational Health Professional: Duties, Responsibilites,

Career Possibilities (2).

FINAL EXAM

REFERENCES:

See reference section.

/ •I•

.

0

---

page 7-4a

SENATE C0L11Ti'EE oN

,

UNDERGRADUATE S'IUDLES

?

NEW COURSE PROPOSAL FORM

1.

Calendar information

?

Department:

OHS

Abbreviation Code: OHS. Course Number:_ 370

?

Credit Hours: 3Vector: 3-0-0

Title Of Course:

Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Calendar Description of Course:

A study of types and procedures of epidemiological investigations, statistical

problems in etiological surveys and epideiniological and survey research in

environmental and occupational settings.

Nature

of Course Lecture

Prerequisites (or special instructions):

MATH 101,

?

CtVIPT

103-3

What course (Courses), if any, is being dropped from the calendar if this course is

approved

None

2.

Schedu1

flow frequent

ly

will the course be offered?

?

1/year

r flt ztC

.1

t

in which th

e

i)ILr,e

will first he offered?

Fall, 1981

Which of your present faculty would be available to make the proposed offering

possfl'Jc.' ?

Weldon (Mathematics)

?

Sterling (Computing Science)

3.

V

To provide insight into how morbidity and mortality relate to workplace hazards and

• ?

are manifested in an epidemiological manner throughout entire populations.

V ?

4 B

•

d ?

5pu(DQunPrne1_1ts (for information only)

Whet additional resources will be required in the following areas:

V ?

Faculty 1/4

Stall ?

1/4 time secretarial

Library

In preparation

V

Audio Visual ?

none ?

V

Space ?

none

E(1UII81U'flt

?

none

•5. ?

Iq

1)cpartTfle11t Chairruan

C()

?

DEC q

1L&

V ?

• ?

Dean

?

/ ?

Chairmn, sciJS

---

New Course Description

?

40

CIISI 370-3 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISICS

SI1+IARY

This course deals with the epidemiological and statistical aspects of

workplace hazards as they affect entire populations.

JUSTIFICATION

Often, the first sign that hazardous conditions may exist in an occupa-

tional setting is when a statistical bias develops in the morbidity or

mortality pattern of affected workers. This course will develop the

knowledge and tools which will enable students to evaluate the epidemio-

logy of workplace hazards. The course is central to the entire Occupa-

tional Health Science program, as it is at other institutions which offer

(115 programs (Appendix 4).

COURSE OUTLINE

Vital Statistics

Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Epidemiology of thronic Diseases

Life Table Analysis

Clinical Trials and Medical Surveys

Fallacies in Numerical Reasoning

Socio-economic Factors and Health

Estimation of Survivorship

Population Growth and Structure

Analysis of Contingency Tables

Economic Analysis of Health Care Systems

Research Design in Health Care Evaluation Studies

0

---

SENATE CO4ITTEE ON U1)ERC1ADIIATE STUDIES

FPRSAL±

?

-

K

/

V,

i'

o

-J

Kinesiology

1.

Calendar

information

?

Department:_

Abbreviation Code:

?

OHS.

Course

Number: ?

480 ?

Credit Hours:

3

?

Vector:

3-1-0

Title of

Course ?

Ergonomics/Human Factors in Working Environments

Calendar Description of Course:

A practical and theoretical consideration of the ergonomic and human factors involved

in creating optimal working conditions, as related to job design, workplace design,

and machine and tool design.

Nature of Course

rerequis

ecture

a

a.

es

Tutorial

ior

special instructions):

PHYS

101-3,

MATH

151-3 or 154-3, OHS 300-3, KIN 405-3, and not less than 45 hours

credit from Science, Computing Science, Psychology and Kinesiology..

What course (courses), if any, is being dropped from

the

cal

endar if this course is

approved:

?

bV( ?

1/'

2.

SchedL44!

Row frequently will the course be offered?

?

once per year

S

Semester in which the course will first be offered? 81-3

Which

of your present faculty

w.u!i

be available

to

make the proposed offering

possible?

Smith, Banister, Morrison, Dickinson

3.

ObjectiveSo

f

the Course

To introduce the student to the physical, physiological and psychological principles

of ergonomics and human factors as applied to design of jobs, work areas and machines

and tools )

and to detail the links between safe, efficient and fulfilling working

conditions, worker health and proper ergonomic design.

4.

Budgetary

,

_and

Space Reqi1reTflejj (for information only)

Whit aTdditioflal resources

will

be requiredifl the following areas: -

?

-

Faculty

Staff

See Attached Schedule

Library

Audio Visual

Space

Equipment

5.

ipproval

?

Date

irtEiTrchairma1

--1-4D^e

?

Chairman,

S

4U

2t

OW 09 -W

CA

cri:c

71-4b:-

(When completing this form, for instructions see

Memorandum

SCUS 73-34a.

---

NEW COURSE DESCRIPTION

CHS.

480-3 ?

ERGONIMICS/HUM.AN FACTORS IN WORKING ENVIRONMENTS

?

S

SUMMARY:

This course considers the ergonomic and human factors involved

in job, workplace, machine, and tool design essential for creat-

ing optimal working conditions.

JUSTIFICATION:

An appreciation is developing among Occupational Health Science

professionals of the central role that work design features play

in insuring optimal conditions of health and safety in the work-

place. This topic is receiving increased emphasis in the U.S.

but not yet in Canada. Therefore, the major importance of this

course is that it will deal with a fundamental G-1S area of concern

which so far has been relatively neglected in Canada.

TEXT:

Konz, S. Work Design. Columbus, Ohio: Grid, 1979.

COURSE OUTLINE:

Major topic areas are as follows (number of lectures in Parentheses).

Introduction (1).

Historical Aspects (1).

Engineering Principles of Work Design (2).

Operations Analysis

Movement Time Analysis

Physiology, Bioenergetics, and Efficiency of Human Work (2).

Biomechanical Principles in Ergonomics (6).

Muscular Strength

Materials Handling - Lifting, Carrying, and Holding

Misculo/Skeletal Problems

Back Trauma and Injuries

Rep .t

tive Motion Injuries

Design Principles in Ergonomics (8).

i\nthropometry

Organization of Workstations

Physical Design of the Workstation

Design of Machinery and Equipment

D

esign of Hand Tools

Design of Knobs, Dials, and Displays

Protective Clothing

.

.

---

a ?

S

S

MIDTEPM

EXAM

Ergonomics of Work Environments (3).

Light and Illumination

Principles of Industrial Engineering

The Auditory Environment

Climate

Occupational Stress (6).

Physiology of stress

Fatigue! Overexertion

Shift Work

Job Satisfaction and Fulfillment

Behavioral Effects

Somatic Effects

Health Effects

Women in the Workplace - Ergonomic Considerations (1).

Psychological/Behavioral Principles in Ergonomics (6).

Information Processing

Decision Making/Reaction Time

Attention Demands and Movement control

Administrative! Interpersonal Aspects

5

Implementing Ergonomic Change in the Workplace (2).

FINAL EXAM

REFERENCES:

See reference section.

S

7-7

C 7

---

SENATE

OMMTTTEE

ON uN:)ERckADuATF: STUDIES?

NF.i COURSS PROPOSAL FORM

1.

Calendar Information

?

Department:

?

_

ines.i.o logy

Abbreviation Code:

Oils,

Courue Number:

?

4tq

L ?

Credit Hours:3

?

Vector: 3-1-0

Title of Course:

Principles of industrial Hygiene

Calendar Description

of Course:

An analysis of physical, chemical and biological hazards which existt in working environments.

involving del:tnation of different hazards, the effects of these hazards on worker health

and methods of industrial hygiene which can be applied to management: or elimination of

workplace hazards.

Nature

of Course

Lecture and

Tutorial

.

Prerequisites (or special instructions):

PHYS 101-3, MATH 151-3 or 154-3, C11EFI 251-:3, 01S. 300-3, tiNS

405-3,

and not less than

45

hours credit from Science, Computing Science, and hinesiology

What course

(courses),

if any, is being dropped from the calendar if this course is

approved:

None

2. Schedulin

How frequently will the course be offered?

?

Once per year

Semester

in which the course will first be offered?

?

82-1

Which of your present faculty

?

u

,

Id

be available to make the proposed offering

possible?

Smith,

?

Banister, Morrison

3. Ob

ectives

of

the Course

To

describe different physical,

?

chemical and biolog

?

n] ?

'azards whIch exist in working

environments;

?

to detail the heai th effects of these hazards and

?

to delineate methods of

industrial, hygiene which may be applied for elimination or

optimal

?

imatiagement of

workplace hazards.

4.

and Space Requirements (for information only)

What additional resources

will be required in the following

areas:

Faculty

Staff

See Attached Schedule

Library

Audio Visual

Space

Equipmevt

r

5. Approvai

Date:J.) ?

tqe

?

(

?

(

1

_kL1d__.

1ep'arrDent cnairmnn

?

t&

Dean

2ut

EC

-

(k\

'

2?

___'1

khairman,

JL)$X4'

_

SCtJSq

SUS 73-341,:- (When completing this form, for instructions see Memorandum SCUS 73-368.

Attach course outline).

---

7-9

p

NEW COURSE DESCRIPTION

OHS. 481-3

?

PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE-

SUMMARY:

This course considers the physical, chemical, and biologic hazards

which exist in working environments, in terms of detection, evalu-

ation, and control.

JUSTIFICATION:

The proposed OHS program intends to produce professionals with

demonstrated competence and expertise in occupational health

and safety. A thorough understanding of industrial hygiene, in

relation to detection, evaluation, and management of hazards in

the occupational environment, is an essential ingredient of this

training. This course, along with the affiliated laboratory,

will provide students a thorough grounding in the theoretical

and practical aspects of industrial hygiene.

TEXT:

Olishifski, J.B. (Ed.). Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene (2nd. Ed.).

Chicago: National Safety Council, 1979.

•

?

COURSE OUTLINE:

Major topic areas are as follows (number of lectures in parentheses).

• ? Introduction (1).

Historical Aspects (1).

Physical Hazards,-, Recognition, Evaluation, Control, Health Effects (9).

Heat and Cold,

Noise

Vibration

Illumination

Ionizing Radiation

Non ionizing Radiation

Chemical Hazards - Recognition, Evaluation, control, Health Effects (9).

Toxic Gases

Dusts

Organic 'Chemicals

Pesticides

SMetals

MIIJFERM EXAM

---

Biological Hazards - Recognition, Evaluation, Control, Health Effects (3)

Polln; Fungi and Spores

Infectious Disease

Establishing Safe Exposure Limits (1)

IndUstrial Disease (6)

Occupational Dermatoses

Cardiovascular Diseases of Occupational Origin

Occupational Respiratory Diseases

NeUrótôxic Disorders

Work and Cancer

Principles of Behavioral Toxicology (1)

Control of the Occupational Environment (4)

Air Sampling Methods

Industrial Ventilation

Noise Control

Respiratory Protective Eqüimènt

Ihdustriäl Hygiene Programs and Careers (3)

Govenimetital Regulations

Occupational Medicine

IndUstrial Safety

The Industrial Hygienist - Requisite Knowledge and Skills

Industrial Hygiene Progtams

FINAL

EXAM

See tefetence section.

PP

S

'2

0

---

r

.1

-

p

SENATE COMMITTEE ON UNDERCkADUAT

K

sTu1)rI;

?

NOW coRSPRO

POSAL

JOFM

w

1.

calendar

Information

?

Department

?

Kinesiology

Abbreviation Code:

OHS. ?

Courte

Number: ?

482 ?

Credit

Hours: 2

?

Vector: ?

0-0-3

Title of Course:

Occupational Health Sciences Laboratory

Calendar Description of Course:

A study of labortóry and field methods and equipment used for detection and analysis

of workplace hazards.

Nature of Course.

?

:.

Laboratory

Prerequisites (or special instructions):

OHS. 480-3

a-is.

481-3 (may be taken concurrnt1y)

What course (courses), if any, is being dropped from the calendar if this course is

approved:

None

2.

Schedulin.g

Mow frequently will the course be offered?

?

once per year

Semester to which the course will first be offered? 82-1

.

Which of your present faculty

wnu.id

be available to make the proposed offering

possible?

Smith, Banister, Morrison

3.

Objectives of the Course

To introduce methods and equipment used in the laboratory and in the field for

detecting and evaluating workplace hazards.

4. Sudet

a

r

y

and Space Requireme

j

nts

..

(for information only)

What additional resources will be required in the following areas:

Vacuity

Staff

?

See Attached Schedule

Library

Audio Visual

Space

Equipment

S.

Appro''a

Tb

Date:______________

IDepartmeflt Chairman

?

Dean

SCUS 73-34b.--.(When completing this form, for instructions see MeraAdUa ScUS 73-34*.

---

New Course Description

OILS. 482-2 OCCUPATIONAL FIEALTh SCIENCES LABORATORY

SUMMARY:

This course will offer students the opportunity to experimentally

examine the methods, equipment, and tôchnology used for detection

and analysis of workplace hazards.

JUSTIFICATION:

Familiarity with practical methods and techniques used for detecting

and analyzing physical and chemical hazards in the workplace is

essential for all OHS professionals. This course will complement

the lecture courses by introducing the equipment, instrumentation,

and methodology used for hazard evaluation, and will enable students

to gain proficiency in hands-on use of this equipment.

TEXT:

The Industrial Environment - Its Evaluation and Control. Washington,

171.: NIOSH, 7973.

COURSE OUTLINE:

Twelve laboratories in the following topic areas will be presented.

S

Evaluating Work Performance and Efficiency

Workspace Design - Biomechanic and Ergonomic Principles

Heat/Cold Effects on Work Performance

Assessing the Auditory Environment - Noise Measurement and Auditory Testing

Assessing the Visual Environment - Measuring Illumination

Radiation Monitoring and Measurement

MIDTERM EXAM

Measuring Airborne Contamination - Methods and Instrumentation

Measuring Airborne Contamination - Dusts

Measuring Airborne Contamination - Gases and Vapors

Pulmonary Function Testing

Effects of Toxicants on Human Behavior

FINAL

Evaluating

EXAM

Health and Safety Conditions - The Walkaround

?

5

REFERENCES:

See reference section.

---

0 ?

7J3

W

?

SENATE'

COKH1TT1:E

ON u;l[)ERCRADLJATK STUDIES

NEV

CO^RSF

PROPOSAL FORM

1.

Calendar Information

?

Department:

Kinesiology

Abbreviation Code:

OHS,

Course Number:

489 ?

Credit Hours:

3 ?

Vector:

3-1-0

Title of Course:,

Occupational

Safety and Hazard Management

Calendar Description of Course:

This course deals with sources of industrial accidents, the role of ergonomics and

human factors in.job safety, the identification, and evaluation of workplace hazards,

the design and implementation of safety programs, and legal and governmental

re.guiations related to job safety.

Natureeoz Course

• ?

Lecture-Tutorial

Prerequisites (or special instructions):

OHS 480,481

What course (courses), if any, is being dropped from

the

calendar if this course is

approved

No

2.

Schedulin

g

How

frequently will the course be offered?

Once per year

.

Semester to which the course will first be offered?

82-2

Which

of your present faculty

wnuld

be available to

make

the proposed offering

possible?

• ?

Smith, Banister

3.

Objective

s

of the Course

•

?

To introduce theoretical and practial approaches to understanding occupational

accidents and job safety, and to describe systems principles of hazard management for

controlling hazardous conditions.

4.

Budgetary and Space Requirements (for information only)

-What adiittóOal'Te8oUtceSWi'll be 'requi;edin the following areas:

• ?

Faculty

?

See

Attached Schedule

Staff

Library

Audio Visual

Space

Equipment

.

Approval

,

?

EC9O

73

Date. ?

f_-

? L ( ?

_______

jkJ

?

1GJ

e)&+est

IND

Déparcmen' _ChttTB

•

• Dean ?

•

?

• / ?

,h

irman, SC1JS

cPtI' ?

L.Lok•—

(%fli

p fl

romoletine this form.: for instructions see

Memorandum

SCUS 73-34a.

---

New Course Description

OHS., 489-3 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HAZARD MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY:

This course deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of

industrial accidents and hazard management methods which can be used to

enhance safety in the workplace. Regulationas governing safety and

health also are considered.

JUSTIFICATION:

Optimal working conditions depend upon an occupational environment

which is both healthy and safe. This course indroduces the topic

of industrial safety from both a theoretical and practical standpoint.

The thorough grounding in safety principles provided by this course will be

an essential part of the training which students will receive in the

OHS program.

TEXT:

Firenze, R. J. The Process of Hazard Control. Dubuque, Iowa:

Kendall/Hunt, 1978.

COURSE OUTLINE:

The following major topic areas will be discUssed (number of lectures

in parentheses).

Introduction (1)

Industrial Accidents - Theoiy (3)

Accident Theory

Accident Statistics and Epidemiology

Ergonomic and Design Factors in Industrial Accidents

Industrial Accidents - Practice (12)

The Walkaround - Recognizing Job Hazards

Role of Ergonomic Faults

Role of Physical Hazards

Role of Chemical Hazards

Role of Stress

Training Benfits

MIDTERM EXAM

Safety Regulations (12)

Machinery and Equipment

Dangerous Environments

Physical Hazards

Chemical Hazards

Personal Protective Equipment

Hazardous Materials

Electrical Hazards

Fire Hazards

&

?

First Aid and Emergency Procedures

.

---

Workers' Compensation (4)

History

Accident Compensation

Disease Compensation

Workers' Compensation Systems in Canada

Legal Aspects of Occupational Health and Safety (3)

Occupational Health and Safety Laws

Arbitration Law

Information Access

Product Liability

Principles of Hazard Management (3)

The Safety Committee

Investigating Accidents/Accident Reports

Positive Approaches to Accident Control and Prevention

FINAL EXAM

REFERENCES:

See reference section.

7-15

S

S

---

SENAtE COI1MITT!E ON

UNI)ERGkADIIATE STUDIES

?

NEI4 CO1,RSF.

PROPOSAL FORM

1.

Calendar Information

?

Department:jfli0.lOg

Abbreviation Code:

?

Course 'Number: ?

490 ?

Credit Hours:__,,

Title of Course:

Field Practicum in Occupational Health Science

Calendar Description of Course:

The purpose of this' course is to provide the student with. field experience in

recognizing,, detecting, assessing

1

and managing or controlling physical or

chemical hazards, toxicants or stressor'sin the workplace, based on practical,

hands-on participation in health and.. safety activities in industry. Opportunities will

Hatur

ke o #r%Lj

j

j for students to interact with health and safety specialists, hygenists, or

medical officers in the field. Credit will be earned

Prerequisites (oz'd11.ctions):through

evaluations by these individuals and by

written, project repOrts.

OHS,482,489

Whet course (courses), if any, is being dropped from the calendar if this course

approved: '

?

None

2.

Scheduling

?

r.

How frequently will the course be offered?

Once per year

Semester in which the course will first be offered?

32-2

Which of your present faculty

wDuid

be available to make the proposed offering

possible? ?

.

Smith

3.

Objectivesof the Course

occupational

To introduce the student to the practical aspects of/health and safety, through

exposure to and involvement, with instrumentation and prodedures used in business

and industry for dealing with workplace hazards.

4.

Budgetary and Space ReuJrements (for information only)

What additional resources will be required in the following areas:

Faculty

See Attached 'Schedule

Staff

Library

Audio Visual

Space

Equipment

5.

Approval ?

'

?

/1

?

())

Date;Kk\)

_

tfr _R)

?

k\ _'

JoJ _9":.

,Et

•8)

[

j _

Q

A.Q.1A

Department Cha raan

?

Dean ?

/

ikirman,

SCUS

SCIJS 13-Y4b:- (When completing this form, for

instructiotis see Memorandum SCUS 73-34a.

Attach course outline).

---

7-17

New Course Description

S

OHS 490-3 FIELD PIACTTCIJM IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE

SUMMARY:

This course offers students the opportunity for field work in some

area of occupational health and safety, under the supervision of

a practicing OHS professional.

JUSTIFICATION:

Occupational health and safety is a real world issue. The proposed

OHS program would lack credibility if it did not provide opportunity

for students to see first hand how health and safety problems are

managed in actual work environments. This course makes available

such opportunity by arranging for students to associate with

occupational health and safety professionalsin the field as they

carry out their activities. The course therefore will enable

students to complement the academic program with practical experience

in the field.

TEXT:

No text is needed

5 ?

COURSE OUTLINE:

There is no fixed outline. Arrangements will be made with occupational

health and safety professionals in business, labour, and government

to supervise students in the field. Placement possibilities in

business include utilities, forest industries, oil companies, foundries,

mines, and construction firms. In labour, cooperation with members

of health and safety committees will be possible. In government, the

health or labour ministries at the federal or provincial level offer the best

opportunity for a field practicum. Students will be expected to

work upon a project or activity chosen or agreed to by the supervisor,

- and to submit areport at

-

the end

.

of the semester. Persônaleval-

uations of students by their supervisors also will be elicited.

Students should spend two days per week on the field practicum.

.

F

'I

?

I

---

II. ?

REFERENCES

General and specific references for the five new courses specified

in the preceding section are given below.

?

0

A. General principles

B. Sampling methods and analytical techniques

C. Toxicology

A.

General principles

I) Medical

Allen, R. W.; Ells, MI).: and Hart, A. W.

Indus-

trial Hygiene.

Englewood Cliffs. N.J.: Prcn

E. Dermatitis

tice-Hall, Inc.,

?

1976.

F. Physical

This ccmipreheiisivc book contains detailed

in-

C. Ergonomics

formation on safet

y

and medical programs in

industr y

for both large and small companies and

II. Biological

for thoe who wish to revamp existing programs

I. ?

Chemical

or instigate new ones. The book also contains

important information on federal

?

relations

J . ?

Control

such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act

K. Encyclopedias and handbooks

standards, and on procedures and

?

forms that

have been tested and proven in actual working

The intent of this section is to provide the

conditions.

safety professional with brief descriptions of the

With numerous illustrations, graphs, and clis-

basic reference books and publications in the

cussion questions,

Industrial Hygiene

should he a

field

?

of

?

occupational ?

health

?

and ?

industrial

valuable aid to the professional and those study-

hygiene.

ing to become industrial

?

hygienists or safety

directors, medical or laboratory directors, or

others planning to enter related fields.

Ashford,

N. A.

Crisis in ihe Workplace: Occupa-

tional Disease and Injury

.

Cambridge, Mass.

MIT Press, 1974.

Baetjer, A. M. \Vomen

in

industry.

Philadelphia.

Pa.: W. B. Saunders Company, 1961.

Brief, H. S. Basic industrial Hy

g

iene: A Training

Manual.

Linden. N.J.: Medical l)epartnient,

Exxon Corporation, 1975.

S

L

---

S

7-19

.

t...aldwcll,

J .

, ed.

/1lpI

.

ioo iiu'.s

(lrid Related

Stimulants: C/win ical, Bioiogi'ol. Clinical, and

.Sociologics-,sl

Aspects. Clevt:irid,

Ohio: CRC

Press, Inc., 1978.

The aim of this s'oluntc is to explore historical,

clieniical, biological, clinical, and sociological

aspects of the ainphetainitu.'s and related stimu-

lants with reference both to legitimate medical

use and to their abuse.

There is at the present time an enormous litera-

tcire on the amphetamines and related stimu-

lants, particularly in the area of neuropsycho-

pharmacology, hut it is extremel

y

difficult to

distill from this the information of relevance to

the problem of the abuse of these compounds.

The aim of this volume is to draw together those

aspects of the chemical, biological, clinical, and

sociological studies that have the maximum

impact on the abuse problem.

Crallev, L. V., ed.

Industrial Environmental

health: The Worker arid the Corn ni unify.

New

York, N.Y.: Academic Press, 1972.

This hook covers both basic research and field

studies dealing with all aspects of environmental

health, including industrial

air

and water pollu-

tion. It centers attention, however, on evaluating

the

5Pa.'iIic

health hazards covered b

y the Occu-

pational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

This hook will be of value to indtrstrial.hygien-

ists, engineers, chemists, . physicists, toxicolo-

gists, and physicians in industry, universities, and

governmental agencies.

-.

Industrial Hygiene Highlights.

New York,

N.Y.: Academic Press, 1968.

Volume I reviews developments in a wide

range of subjects. Volume II. titled

Industrial

Environmental Health: The Worker and the

Community,

updates the subjects discussed in

volume I and also includes sections on agricul-

tural products and off-the-job environmental

health stresses.

Daubenspeck, W. C.

Occupational Health Haz-

(IT(/S.

Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press, 1974.

A complete and updated rewrite of a Bureau of

Labor Standards Bullet in, this 1)00k should he of

help to safety professionals and others who are

concerned with the recognition, eva I i it i

control of occupational health hazarils

Enoironmenta!

burgh, Pa.: U.S.

Health

Steel

Monitoring

Corp., 1973.

Mauni

Pit,',

A loose-leaf manual designed to train laiit

personnel to conduct the monitoring of tIn

sure of workers to toxic' hazards and harn1f,'

physical conditions.

Firenze, R.H.

The Process of Ilazarrl

Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Pitbi ishing

Co., 1978.

This guide has been specificall

y

prepared to I

used by both instructor and student in

courses and seminars in order to guide dicii',.

sion, stimulate interest and direct the stiov oh

occupational safety, occupational health and

industrial hazard control. It will explore are-as ot

engineering, management, occupational hclth,

hazard analysis, and fire protection as thcv relate

to effective hazard reduction. The term

/iiiu,d

control

is used throughout to familiarize man-

agement more thoroughly with the full ditmnu'

sion of hazards occurring from failures ii

I

niques, equipment, systems, and operations that

are responsible for dollar and manpower

liis.-c.

repair or replacement of tools, equipment, liti-

gation expenses, and the like.

Gafafer, W. M., ed.

Occupational Diseases: A

Guide to Their Recognition.

Washington.

D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 19(3-I.

(Public Health Service Publication No. 1097

Discusses toxic agents, occupational (rimi:m

toses and pneumoconioses, chemical

ha-rd'.

physical hazards, biologic hazards, and

WO(l

and plant hazards. For each hazard, the harmitittl

effects, special diagnostic tests, recoin

IIICII(I(d

TLV, andpotential occupational exposures arc

discussed. (Also see M.M. Key in this SC(ti011

Harvey, B., and Murray,

R. Industrial

llr1'

Technology.

New York, N.Y.: ApI)lCtt

Centur y -Crofts, 1958.

Hricka, .k., and Brunt, M.

Vorkiizg

/01

L.i/e—A Woman's (uith-

lit jolt

IlcalIh

II":

ar(/s.

Washington, D.C.: Labor

Oedipal

111.d

0

---

.

1

It Ii Program and Public Citizen's Health

1

ear(I1 Croup, June 1976.

-lIii; handbook is a much-needed addition to?

t

ile stilall but growing number of books and

?

,klcts that accurately explain job health haz-

?

.i

rds in nontechnical way. It is written for those?

most need to know--the workers

I

lien51

VCS.

Writing for women workers, the authors dis-

is

key questions such as

• What are the conditions or substances in the

o.ork1)laCC that are harmful during pregnancy?

• j)o pregnant women have the legal right to a

?

that is safe for their unborn children?

• Do chemicals that endanger human reproduc-

1100

also affect men?

• What are the health hazards in jobs that mostly

( . iiplOy

women?

• What can workers and unions do about job

hazards?

Ihe Industrial Environment, Its Evaluation and

c:isrol.

:3rd ed. Rockville, Md.: N1OSH, 1973.

An industrial hygiene textbook, rather than a

vlIabus, covering a broad range of subjects from

Mathematics to medicine.

M. I:t al., eds.,

Occupational Diseases: A

(iiith'

to Iheir Recognition,

Revised. Wash-

ington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Educa-

iou. and Welfare. J it ne

)ruipational diseases are discutssediP.tcrms of

?

' (iI I )at

lonal health hazards as a means to recOg-

?

of the disease. The text covers routes of

?

'Ut

y and modes of action, chemical hazards,

?

PhVsiYtl hazards, biological hazards, derma

-

t((

:irwav diseases, WOOd and plant hazards,

biival carcinogens, and pesticides. Sources of

0I1N'

ilt:it ion and a list of references are included.

Mavers

,

M. R.

Occupational Health: hazards of

the

Work

Enoironrnent. Baltimore, Md.:

W

illiams & Wilkins, 1969.

Discusses varieties of occupational hazards to

?

l Walth

,

including chemical, physical, mechani-

?

1ml

infective agents found in industry, agri-

Parmeggiani, L., ed.

Encyclopedia of Occupa-

tional Health and Safety,

2nd ed. New York,

N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1974972.

Reference work containing 900 articles pre-

pared by 700 specialists in more than 70 coun-

tries and 10 international organizations. Covers

all aspects of occupational safety and health.

Emphasizes the safety precautions to be taken

against the main hazards encountered in each

branch of industry. Examples are quoted from

international standards rather than national legis-

lation. Articles are arranged alphabetically and

each article includes bibliographic references.

The second volume contains nine appendixes, a

list of authors, and a comprehensive analytic

index.

Patty. F.A., ed.

Industrial Hygiene and Toxicol-

ogy,

Vol. 1, General Principles, 3rd Rev. Ed.,

1978; Vol.11, Toxicology, 2nd rev. ed., 1963;

Vol.111, Industrial Environmental Analysis (to

be published). New York, N.Y.: lntcrsciencc.

Peterson, J

.

E.

Indu.striol Health.

Englewood

Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, inc., 1977.

Focusing on immediate concerns of the field,

this text stresses occupational hazards ranging

from chemical toxins to those of various energy

forms, and considers man

y

of today's roost

pressing environmental and ecological prob-

lems.

Industrial Health

stresses principles that

underlie various facets of the field--and high-

lights the generalizations that emerge with prac-

tical examples. By purposely avoiding specific

data pertaining especially to legal and quasilegal

limits and standards, obsolescence of the text's in-

formation will be slow.

Sax, N. J.

Dangerous Properties of Industrial

Materials. 4th ed. New York, N.Y.: Van-

culture, mining, aviation, and laboratories. Also

covers biological and medical perspectives, con-

trol and prevention, industrial medical services,

and diagnosis.

Oe.cupation.al

Health Practices: Iron and Steel

Industry. New York, N.Y.: American Iron and

Steel Institute, 1965.

.

S

---

S

7-21.

Nostrand Reinhold, 1975.;

Primarily consists of a list of chemicals with en-

tries giving synonym(s), description, formula,

hazard and first aid information, and data on

storage and handling. The text also provides in-

formation on pollution, radiation hazards, food

additives, allergic reaction, and shipping

regii I at ions.

Schilling, R.S.F., ed.

Occupational

Health

Prac-

?

tice. London, England: Butterworths, 1973.

Scott, R.

Muscle

and

Blood, The Massive, Hid-

den

Agony

of

Industrial Slaughter in America.

Fresh Meadows, N.Y.: Alsyl/Alexander, 1974.

A popular work written in the style of an

expose.

Steliman, J.M., and Daum, S.M.

Work in Dan-

gerous

to

Your health: A Handbook of Health

Hazards

in

the Workplace

and What You

Can

Do About Them..

New York, N.Y.: Vintage,

1973.

This is a book written in the popular vein and

addresses itself to the worker.

U.S. Coast Guard, Cargo and Hazardous Mate-

rials Division.

Chemical Dao Guide

for

Bulk

Shipment by Water.

Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Government Printing Office. kStock No. 5012-

00068.)

Provides guidance for Rescue Coordination

Center watch officers, port safety personnel,

Merchant Marine safety personnel, and others

whose duties may require decisions in situations

involving bulk chemical shipment.

Wallick, F:'

The

American

Worker:

An Endan-

gered Species. New

York, N.Y.: Ballantine

Books, 1972.

B. Sampling

Adams,

D. F.,

ed..

Air Pollution Instrumenta-

tion.

Pittsburgh, Pa.: Instrument Society of

America, 1966.

This monograph, containinga collection of

papers, panel discussions, and audience ques-

tions and comments, presents the proccediiig r

the Instrument Societ

y of Americas Air Poll'.

tion Instrumentation Syniposimim hchl

junction with the 20th Annual ISA COimferii,

and Exhibit in Los Angeles, October 5 19is

American Conference of Governmental I

trial Hygienists.

Air Sampling lnstrt

For Evaluation

of

A

tmospheric .Crit,j1,

nnts, 5thed. Cincinnati, Ohio: A(Xl11 19Th

Describes uses, principles, physical an(l

formance data, operating and maintcrmaiw.r

instructions and commercial sources for alt

sampling instructions. Includes a technical dli.

cussion of the principles of air sampling and

tlw

use of instniments for the evaluation of airlmr,w

contaminants.

American Public Health Association.

Methods

if

AirSamnplingandAtuilysis.

Washington, D..:,

1972.

Brenchlev, DL., Turlc

y

, G.E., and \'arniac. It

F.

Industrial Source Sampling,

Ann Arbor,

Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Pubtishcrs, Inc..

1973.

Concerns practical aspects of source Sa

including reasons for sampling, problems in

volved, methodology, sampling train coup"'

nents, conducting tests, preparing reagent,t.tl

brating field equipment, analytical proccdtmrt.

and handling and evaluation of data.

Hanson, N. W., Reilly, D. A., and Staff, FJ. E.,

eds.

The Determination of Toxic

Subsfotmce

'

t

III

Air: A Manual

of

IC! Practice.

Cambrid

g

e.

England: W. Heifer & Sons, 1965.

Includes some procedures not given

elsewhere.

Intersociety Committee.

Methods

of

'If

Sampling and Analysis.

Washington.

American Public Health Association. 1972

Represents the firstpublished volume ol

time

methods adopted as "tentative" by The Co'°

mittee for a Manual of Methods of Air

and Analysis, according to its estabItI

procedures.

S

81

---

5 ?

.

B. 711c A lulh/Il('(ll 7oxsrology of

111(

1 1

,s1

rial

lflOrg(iflU' l'OiSOil.c.

C/win

cal Anal-

Vol. 22. New York, N.Y.: Interscience.

C/wiii

is! ry

of IfldtASfTi(il

j' 1 ij.c0)ii

.

.

lIazard.c.

(110! Sokents. Chemical

U(llI/'1

?

Vol. 1, 1949.

Ml)., and Scheflan. L.

Chemical Analy-

sis

of'

Industrial Solcr,tts, Chemical Analysis,

7.

New York, N.Y.: John E. Wiley & Sons,

It)('.. 1958.

M. Measureuu'nt o/ Air Pollutants: Guide to

Scicctioi) of Methods. Geneva, Switzerland:

World Health Organization, 1969.

laith. W. 7/ic

Analq.cis of Air Pollutants.

Ann

Arin)r, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers,

1970,

I

,inch. A. L.

Biological Monitoring for Industrial

Chein teal

Exposu

re

Contral.

Cleveland. Ohio:

(;HC Press, 1973.

l'.en!uatzan

of

A mhicnt Air Quality by

I 'i ;

- x

(I

mi Monitoring.

Cleveland. Ohio: CRC

I'

ess. Inc., 1971.

Pcrscnincl monitoring is a term designating the

(letcI'ii)iiiatiUn of the inhaled close of an airborne

toxic material or of an air-rne(liated hazardous

ph y

sical forte by the continuous collection of

samples in the breathing or auditory zone, or

other appropriate exposed body area, over a

finite period of exposure time. A personnel moni-

tor is a self-powered device worn by the moni-

tored individual to collect a 'representative

saiiiplc for laborator

y

anal y

sis, or to provide

:u'cmm mmilated dose or instantapeoiis warning of

immediately hazardous conditions b

y visible or

iiilit (

'

rv means while being worn.

of A ii (/ li/I ict:

I .'.

!i 'hi od.c

B

ct in

mended

/ui Sampling (11(11

t\

Ti(1l/Sis

of Atmospheric

iiIznjiu,miLs,

(im,c'iniiitti, Ohio: Conunittee

ai Recommended Anal

y

tical Methods, Amen-

can Conference of Governmental Industrial

I h'gienists, 1)58.

l)rvclopcd by the A( Gl II to provide indus-

?

trial h

y

gienists with the methods which this Corn-

?

it

let'

and its pi'cdeC('ssOrS have approved for

the sampling and analysis of atmospheric

contaminants..

Mercer, T. T

Aerosol Technology in Hazard

Evaluation.

New York. N.Y.: Academic Press,

1973.

Produced by the American Industrial Hygiene

Association tinder contract with the former U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission. Theoretical and

practical reference text relating to the science of

aerosol technology. Discusses the nature, he-

ha'ior, and properties of aerosols that predict

whether they will become a biological hazard.

Includes collecting methods, methods of estab-

lishing toxic level criteria, and monitoring

atmospheres.

Miller, S. S., ed.,

Environmental Monitoring.

Washington, D.C.: ACS Reprint Collection,

1976.

A collection of 48 articles and four editorials

that appeared in

ES&T

Magazine from 1972 to

mid-1976. Listings

of

43 books and 38 news leads

are also included. Topics cover international and

U.S. activity, business associations, organiza-

tiobs, monitoring trends, air and water instru-

mentation, techniques, and applications, mini-

computers, filters, and pesticides.

,?'IC)SH

Manual of Analytical

Methods.

Cincin-

nati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health, 1974.

A compilation of 38 procedures covering about

130 different chemicals which chemists in time

Physical and Chemical Analysis Branch of

NIOSH have used for industrial hygiene

analyses.

NIOSH \tanual of Sampling Data Sheets.

Cin-

cinnati, Ohio: National Institute for Occupa-

tional Sal ctv and Health, 1974.

This edition includes '28 sampling data sheets

proposing methods to sample the industrial en-

vironment for contaminants.

Ruch, \V.E. Chem

ical Detection

of

Coseous

I'd-

luian(s.

Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science

Publishers. 1966.

Annotated bibliography of references to

.

C

---

S

7-23

S

means of detecting airborne cotitamillantS lists

general references to various methods and tech-

niques, as well as references to the detection of

specific compounds.

-.

Quantitative Analysis of Gaseous Pollu-

tants. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science

Publishers, 1970.

For various gaseous pollutants, information

provided cons

ists

of a basic outline of a method

of analysis, sampling equipment and procedure,

interferences, and approximate time required to

complete a single analysis of the contaminant.

Cites source:; for each method.

Silverman, L.. Billings, C. L, and First, M. W.

Particic Size Analysis in industrial

Hygiene.

New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, 1971.

Produced by the American Industrial Hygiene

Association under contract with the U.S. Atomic

Energy Commission. Describes methods used in

industrial hygiene, health physics, and air pollu-

tion control for particle sampling and size analy-

sis of solid and liquid airborne matter, fine bulk

powders. and particle deposits in tissues.

Yaffe, C. D., Byers. D. H., and l-losey, AD., eds.

Encyclopedia

of Instrumentation for Indus-

trial Hy

g

iene. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of

Michigan, Institute of Industrial Health, 1956.

In May 1954, a symposium on instrumentation

for industrial hygiene was held at the University

of Michigan, Institute of Industrial Health and

School of Public Health. As a result of this meet-

ing and through the cooperative efforts of many

people and groups, this encyclopedia was pub-

lished two years later. Seven sections contain de-

scriptive information of all instruments exhib-

ited at this symposium.

C. ToxicologY

Albert, R.E.

Thorium: Its Industrial

Hygiene

As-

pects. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press, 1966.

Summarizes the major technical uses of

thorium, the hazards common to the various

industrial processes, time techniques and objec-

tives for the control of those hazarLls, and the bio-

logical and medical foundations Ion which the

hazard controls are based. Also gives the physi-

cal, chemical, and radioactive pro}urti<.5

thorium and thoron.

American Conference of Governmental int.

trial Hygienists.

Documentation

of

the

Thrch.

old Limit Values for Substances in

Wor4o01

Air, 4th rev. ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ACCIII

1971.

Contains the basis of TLVs for more than 47,

substances. Includes discussions, limitations, ;oil

cautions for understanding and application of

TLVs.

Arena, J

.

M.

Poisoning: Toxicology, Sij

liLptoInI.

Treatments.

3rd ccl. Springfield. III.: Chartc (;

Thomas, 1973.

Topics include—general consideratio

ns of

poisoning; insecticides, rodenticides, and herb.

cides; industrial hazards; occupational hazards.

drugs; soaps and detergents; poisonous plants, ill.

sects, and fish; and miscellaneous conmpoutnk

and topics, including radioactive isotope poison

ing, rocket fuels, and welding hazards. Appeti'

dix of normal laboratory values used in the diag'

nosis and treatment of poisoning.

Braker, W., and Mossman, A. L.

Effects

of

Exposure

to Toxic Cases.

East Rutherford.

N.J.: Matheson Gas Products, 1970.

Browning, E.

Elsevier

Monographs

00

Toxic

Agents.

Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Else-

vier Publishing Company, 1959-1964.

A series of 10 separately authored

111000

graphs on specific toxic substances.

Toxicity and Metabolism of J10fiisfrtuul

Solvents, New York, N.Y.: Elsevier Publishing

Company,

1985.

Most people who work in industrial health or

who are responsible for people working' 'itim so

vents will find this manual to be very usefUl. The

bibliography is quite comprehensive in both th'

European and the American literature. The !nat(

nat is presented not as individual cast' rCl)t't

but as summaries, that are clearly written so tILt(

it is one of the easiest books of its type for the

IU)t'

professional reader to understand. For tIn' Pt'm'

fessionat reader, it is a painstaking

suu110

tt

the work that has been done on these solvct5 tIe

S

(i

d

---

.

I,i,I' ?

,,oiilil he classed as essential.

Toxicology

o

.

f

Industrial

,\ICI(IlS.

2nd ed.

Nt'w York, N.Y.. Appleton_Century-CrOfts

1969.

l)isciisseS the occurrence, preparation, phys-

ical and chemical properties, and toxicology of

w priu(:ipal metals used in industry. Potential

effects and methods of treatment of poi-

oiling are included.

(icar('t t, I . J., and Doull, J., eds.

Toxicology.

i hv Basic Science of Poisons.

New York, N.Y.:

Matinillan Publishing Co.. 1975.

(&,iiiffllttCC on Fire Research, Commission on

Sociotechnical Systems, National Research

Council.

Physiological and Toxicological

Aspects

of

Combustion Products: Intern a-

lional Symposium.

Washington, D.C.:

National Academy of Sciences, 1976.

The project that is the subject of this report was

approved by the Governing Board of the Na-

tional Research Council, whose members are

hawu from the National Academy of Sciences,

the National Academ

y

of Engineering, and the

Iiit ii iitc of Medicine. The members of the Corn-

iiiittee responsible for the report werechosen for

tlnir special competeiwes and with regard for

appropriate balance.

committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of

Environmental Pollutants. V

ickel.

Washing-

Lou, D.C.:

National Academy of Sciences,

1975.

i'Iuis document was written b

y

the Panel on

Nickel under the chairmanship of Dr. F. \Vil-

haul Suiidernian, Jr. Although each section was

prepared initially by a member of the Panel or an

invited contributor, some material was later com-

hincd, and the total document was reviewed and

approved b

y

the entire Panel and thus represents

h

n)perat l y

e

effort. Dr. Si fl(lcrTflafl was

rrj)uIdsiI)lc

for the ititrO(liictiofl. large parts of

1'

t,cti0jIs on nick-el metabolism in man and

Iuliuui:ils and on nickel toxicity, and most of the

''it ioiis on nickel carcinogcilcsls and nickel in the

rI:

i)i(xl!ictiVC systeiul.

P......and K riiiskv. I .. W.

I)rn .A huse

in

I

7tc!tisf,1

1

Sprinti'Id. Ill.: Ciiauics CThoinas,

P173

Deichnaun. \V. B., ed.

Pesticides and

I/ic

Lnvioruuicnt:

A

Continuing Controversy.

Ncw York, N.Y.: Intercontinental Medical

Book Corporation, 1973.

Selected papers presented and papers re-

viewed at the eighth Inter-American Confer-

ence on Toxicology and Occupational Medi-

cine, University of Miami, School of Medicine,

Miami, Florida, July 1973.

Deichmann, W. C., and Gerarde, H. W.

Toxi-

cology of

Drugs and Chemicals.

4th ed. New

York, N.Y.: Academic Press, 1969.

Designed as a ready reference on the side

effects of drugs, the toxicity of industrial chem-

icals, and includes recommendatibns for treat-

ment of undesirable effects and overdoses. The

books discusses common uses of each substance,

suggests treatment, and cautions against side ef-

fects or harmful dosage. Arranged alphabet-

ically by substance for easy reference.

Dinman, B. D.

The Nature of Occupational

Cancer: A Critical Review

of

Present Prob-

lems. Springfield, Ill.: Charles CThornas, 1974.

This small volume treats the nature of occuipa-

tiorial cancer, industrial agents associated with

human carcinogenic risk, as well as prevention

and control of occupational carcinogcncSiS.

Dominguez, C. S.,

ed. Guidebook: Toxic Su

b

-stances Control .lct.

Cleveland, Ohio: CRC

Press, Inc.. 1977.

The book is not onl

y

a complete guide to the

law, but it is also a source on how to prepare for

and respond to the many newly instituted fed-

eral requirements. The book provides practical

and clear advice on anticipated compliance ap-

proaches. as well as suggestions for early orga-

nizational preparation and planning.

Dreisbach, R

.

H

.

Ihi,idtiouk of Poisoning: Dial'-

nosi, F

and Treatment,

8th ed. Palo Alto, Calif.:

Lange NI edical Publications, 1974.

A concise a! nuiduar

y

of the diagnosis and treat-

ment

of citiicallV

important poisons including

those e

ii

.

oiotered in iiiduistry and agriculture.

I)rinkcr. P.. md I latch, TI'.

Industrial Dust,

2nd

.

U

---

S

7-25

.

ed. New York, N.Y.: McCr:IW-l1i11 Book Co.,

1954.

Both of the authors, well-known authorities in

the field, use their wealth of experience to give

very practical suggestions for handling the types

of situations which one finds in practice and

which are more amenable to the art than to the

science of industrial hygiene.

The treatment of such subjects as the motions

of particles in the air and the design of exhaust

systems and other subjects are theoretical and

mathematical as well as practical. This manual

can be of great value to the engineer and chemist,

and probably to physicians and others interested

in the subject.

Eckhardt R. E. Industrial Carcinogens: Modern

Monographs

in

Industrial Medicine.

New

York, N.Y.: Gntne & Stratton, 1959.

Elkins, H. B., ed.

The Chemistry

of

industrial

• Toxicology. New York, N.Y.: John Wiley &

Sons, 1959.

Written for the chemist and engineer, this

manual emphasizes harmful substances them-

selves, rather than presenting a complete physio-

logical characterization of their effects. The

nature of injuries from various industrial poisons

is mentioned, primarily in relation to the prob-

able seriousness of their effects. The first two

chapters on fundamentals and evaluation of haz-

ards set the stage for a further discussion of the

chemical and industrial phases of industrial

toxicology.

Essays in Toxicology.

New York, N.Y.:

Academic Press 19691974

Five volumes have thus far been issued in this

continuing series treating a wide range of sub-

jects in the field of toxicology.

Fairhall,

?

T

industrial Toxicology,

2nd ed.

Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins,. 1957.

Lists organic and inorganic substances and de-

scribes for each: characteristics, industrial uses,

toxicity or industrial injury, anal

y

sis, and

references.

Flury, F., and Zernik, F.

Schadliche (;Ose,

Dampfe, Nebel, Rauch und Staubarterl.

Berlin,

(eriilafly': \'crlug von Julius Sprini.r, 1'

Cërade, H. W.

Toxicology and RiuIieusi.st,,1

Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

New York:

N.Y.

Elsevier Publishing Co., 1960.

This manual contains information ol interest

those who are concerned, with the prevent

ion

detection, and treatment of exposure to arlli;utu

hydrocarbons of industrial importance. Al.

though it is intended primarily for physici:mnc.

indutrial hygienists, and toxicologists, the

ul,t,

professional who desires to understand the

piub.

lems which face these specialists will find it

valuable addition to his library. Understanding

the hook requires a prerequisite knowledge

o

basic organic chemistry and the fu;id;tmu,uit.ii

concepts of toxicology.

Of great interest are the generalizat

.

iO

given

throughout the first part regarding the relation

ship between toxicity and hydrocarbon stru-

lure. The discussion focuses specifically on the

metabolic effects of the mnonocyclic and dicyeli

aromatic hydrocarbons. The very often

understood terms, "Toxicity

us.

Hazard amid

"Threshold Limit Values," are how1t9111y

discussed.

Gleason, M.N., Gosselin, R.E., 1-lodge, ftC

'

ad

Smith, R. P.

Clinical Toxicology

o

f

Coin mu'

cial Products,

4th ed. Baltimore, Md.: '11W

Williams & Wilkins Co., 1976. -

This book assists the physician in cleati1

quickly and effectively with acute chemi

cal

I'°'

sonings in the home and on the farm, arisilig

through misuse of commercial products It pl.°

vides a list of trade-name products

to

gether with

their ingredients when these have been rcvca

addresses and telephone numbers of coin pauuit

for use when ingredients are not listed, s:iiPk

formulas of many types of products with

10

t:st1

mate of the toxicity of each formula,

t(iXU0

.lOgical information including an estill';Itc

of

ti ll

'

toxicity of in

(

lividual ingredients.rccoIn1hh10'1

tions for treatmnclit, names and addr

.

E"ornev, R. B., and Fluges. F. \V. (

Effects

of

Alcohol and Other

l)nig.. Spriuuç

field, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1968.

Fort,

J.

Alcohol: Our

Biggest

Drug

Pru,I,l,,1

New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book

Co., 117

Ut)

---

jffl

f.tc't,IrCrs. and a 'a'stern of standard nonien-

1.l.ItIIre h)r the clarification of poisonings. Mcdi-

ii ,ni k's, phariiiacics, industrial medical

(IC-

part 1;i(:Its. puhlic health nursing centers,andany

thtI

agency frequently calle(l upon for emner-

help should also find it helpful as a quick

0

ircc Of information on first aid, treatment

pro(c(lItr5 and other questions.

(;rant, W. M.

Toxicology of the Eye,

2nd ed?

Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1974.

(;rover, P. L., ed.

Chemical Carcinogens and

Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press, Inc., 1976.

This vohuiiie deals with the chemical inodi-

t i

catioll of the DNA molecule and the ways these

modifications may he detected.

lialpern, S. Drug

Abuse

and Your Company.

New York, N.Y.: American Management Asso-

ciation, 1972.

llamuilton, A., and Hardy, H. L.

Industrial Toxi-

(olo4!/. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sci-

CI1(.CS

Group, 1974.

ll;midin, J

.

W., andArena, J

.

M.

Human Poisoning

From Native and Cultivated Plants.

Durham,

N.;.: Duke Universit

y

Press, 1969.

Most of the existing literature on poisonous

plants deals with those that are poisonous to live-

stock. A real need exists for a source of informa-

lion just those plants poisonous to humans—

particularly children. Physicians, health officers,

'umrses, scout leaders, camp counselors, teachers,

parents, andman

y

others should not onl

y

know

Ill( .

.

dangerous plants of their area. hut have a

ri::ulv reference in case of emergencies. This

hu '

k has been written with these people in mind

Mid

has grown out of a number of years' experi-

CI1(c

with poisonous plants accumulated b

y

both

Of

the authors in the field, laborator

y

, and clinic.

T. F., and Gross, P.

Pulrnontjry Deposi-

tion

071(1

fl(1(nhjorI of Inhaled Aerosols.

New

Yo

lk, N.Y.: Academic Press. 1964.

T

he authors explore at length the intermediate

Ilttm,rs that operate between the contaminated

mtm

uospherc and internal tissue damage or disease

1amtsed by the gas or dust. These important but

neglected factors includes

site of deposition of a

dust or absorption of a gas, plus particle size,

shape, densit

y

, and airflow pattern; the clear-

ance mechanisms, knowledge of which is limited

as compared with our understanding of initial

deposition; and knowledge of where in the body

the aerosol will produce injury.

Helmer, J

.

, and Victoriz, 1'.

Drug

Abuse, The

Labor Market and Class Conflict.

Washing-

ton, D.C.: Drug Abuse Council, 1974.

Henderson, Y., and Haggard, H. W

Noxious

Cases and the Principles of Respiration Influ-

encing

Their

Action. 2tid rev. ed., New York,

N.Y.: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1943.

A treatise of continuing value in the field of gas

toxicology.

Molt, P. F.

Pneumocäniosis: Industrial Diseases

of the Lung Caused by Dust.

London,

England: E. Arnold, 1957.

Horvath, M.

Adverse Effects of Environmental

Chemicals and P.cyclLotrophic

Drugs. Amster-

dam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific

Publishing Company, 1973.

Hueper, W. C.

Occupational Tumors and Allied

Diseases. Baltimore, Md.: Charles C Thomas,

1942.

Jacobs, M. B.

Analytical Toxicology

of Indus-

trial Inorganic Poisons,

New York, N.Y.:

Wiley-lnterscience, 1987.

Textbook of chemical analvtic:al methods in

industrial hygiene application. Major topics

include: sampling: measurement of gas volume,

velocity, and ouantitv; absorbers; dusts; silica:

lead; mercur y

and arsenic; harmful metals; radio-

chemical determinations; sulfur compounds:

phosphorus compounds; nitrogen compounds;

oxygen and ozone: detector tubes: and clinical

chemistr y

and indu,trial toxicology.

Lanza, A. J

.

Tlu: Pneurmmocuñiosis.

New York,

N.Y.: Grunc & Stratton, 1963.

Largent. E. J

.

Fliiorosis: The Health Aspects of

Fluorine Compounds.

Columbus, Ohio: Ohio

State University Press, 1961.

.

.

S

C,

---

S

7-27

S

Lee, D. H. K., ed.

Metallic contaminants and

Human

Health.

New York, N.Y.: Academic

Press, 1972.

Lefau.x, R.

Practical Toxicology

of

Plastics.

Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press, 1968.

Loomis, .T. A.

Essentials

of

Toxicology,

2nd ed. ?

Philadelphia, 1a. Lea & Fehiger, 1974.

Maltcn, K. E., and Ziclhuis,

ft L.

Industrial Toxi-

cology

and

Dermatology

in

the Production and

Processing

0/

Plastics.

New York, N.Y.: Else-

vier Puhlication.s Co., 1964.

Nordberg, C. F, ed. Effects

and Dose-Response

Relationships

of

Toxic Metals.

Amsterdam,

The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1976.

Paget, C. E., ed.

Methods in Toxicology.

Phila-

delphia, Pa.: F. A. Davis Co., 1970.

Patty, F. A., ed.

Industrial

Hygiene &

Toxi-

cology, vol. 2. New York, N.Y.: John Wiley &

Sons, 1963.

Plunkett, E. R.

Handbook of

Industrial Toxi-

cology. New York, N.Y.: Chemical Publishing

Co., 1988.

Randolph, T. C. Human Ecology and Susce-pti-

bility to the Chemical

Environment.

Spring-

field, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1962.

Most illnesses were originally throught to have

arisen within the body—only recently has this

age-old concept been challenged. The impor-

tance of the outside environment as a cause of

sickness was first demonstrated in respect to

infectious diseases about eighty years ago and to

allergic diseases approximately fifty years ago.

Although the general principles of infectious

disease are now fully accepted and applied, the

medical profession has been slow in learning and

applying the necessary techniques to demon-

strate cause-and-effect relationships between the

nonmicrobial environment and ill health.

Registry of Toxic Effects

of

Chemical Smsbstan-

ces, Vol.11, Edited by E.J. Fairchild,

et al.

Cincinnati. Ohio: NIOSH.

Atitumal list of known toxic substances that may

exist in the environment, or that are manttf,

tured,

food additives,

processed,

preservatives,

or synthesized,

ores,

such

pesticI

'

,is

(lr1

dyes, detergents, lubricants, soaps, or plj

Information on each substance includes prim.

name

stracts

of

Service

chemical

registry

substance,

number,

Chemical

mnnle(.I,

At

weight and formula, Wiswesser Line

s y non y ms, toxic dose data, units of

(lmS,

!

Iflf'

surement, notations descriptive of tht:

ogy, cited reference, U.S. Occupational

(lards, and NIOSIl Criteria Docunwnts

Searle, C. E., ed.

Chemical Carcinogens. \Va..h

ington, D.C.: Ainericati Chemical Souirt

1976.

In this single volume is a wcalth of informal

which will he invaluable to scientists working o

all aspects of cancer research and occimpatolo!

health. The most recent advances in cancer rc,

search are presented in over 800 pages with

mlur,

than 750 structural formulas.

Cancer-causing agents are now known to exio

throughout the environment—in polluted :iir;nI

tobacco smoke, in various plants and foods, ant

in many chemicals that are used in industry ait

laboratories.

This timely monograph contains comprehen.

sive accounts of the latest theories of cancer

chemistry and biology and of the major hazards

identified so far. Authorities from the United

States, United Kingdom, France, and \Vct

Germany have contributed 18 chapters.

Stokinger, H. E., ed.

Beryllium: Its Industrial

Hygiene Aspects.

New York, N.Y.:

Acade1iiC

Press, 1966.

Detailed account of how beryllium and

its

compounds ma

y

be handled safely and thc cngi

neering controls needed.. Treats the c!meui('

biological, and medical aspects of herylliwn.

I?.

eluding sampling and analysis of atmosph(y

and biological specimens. Also reviews its tOXI

cology and pathology.

_

The Metals in Industrial Hygiene

VIm!

Toxicology,

2nd ed. New York, N.Y.:

Wiley & Sons, 1963.

Sunshine, 1.,

ccl.

Methodology

for .1

Toxicology. Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press, tm.

1973.

S

---

.

lhi hook provides detailed instructions on the

?

nerl

11

itn.e of

tests

in

the

area of anal y tical toxi-

?

and should he made avail able to all

1

in l:ihoratorie.s where dnigs, poisons, and

ti)sI( ?

i

lot:iiices are analyzed. the volii:oe will

h•

. 5( 1'('(liiiglv

Valuable to all involved or inter-

est

d iii anal

y

tical toxicology.

i

ma

,

J

.

J .

, and Bondo, P: B., eds.

Guidelines

fr k

r

i

aly

l

ic

a

l

iiixicoli)gij

Programs. Cleve-

land, Ohio: CRC Press, inc., 1978.

This two-volume work provides physicians

:111(1

laboratory directors with practical guide-

lines for development of a reliable toxicology ser-

vice for their community. It also features de-

tailed information on instrumentation for various

toxicological

,

testing procedures. Emphasis is

placed on defining proper technique' in the use of

instrument and establishing routine mainte-

nance schedules to assure optimum perfor-

nianec. This work is prepared by 25 leading toxi-

cologists, physicians, and pharmacologists.

D. Medical

ltl; ' 'r. C. F., ('I (11.

Atomic Medicine,

5th ed.

R:ih

iliiorc, Md.: Williams & Wilkins

Co-,

1969.

ltrusvii. NI. L, and Meigs. J. W.

Occupational

Ilco!f!t Nursi,i.

New York. N.Y.: Springer-

Verlag. 1956. .

hewn fl.

C.

The Chemistry and Therapy of

industrial Pulmonary Diseases.

Springfield,

Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1960.

Collins, H. T.

Occupational Psychiatry.

Boston,

Mass.: Little, Brown, and Co., 1969.

Co 1

ittee on Hyperbaric Oxygenation.

Funda-

nh(ritOls

of Ht1perbaric Medicine. (

Pub. No.

1296.) Washington, D.C.: National Academy

ol Sciences, National Research Council, 1966.

','his hook will he helpful not only to physi-

Ol

ugists, clinical investigators and oxygen ther-

1pists but also to engineers who design and oper-

4k'

e

quipment and to those who are responsible

for h(

. management

ut of diving and caisson

'Tenitions.

Copplestone, J

.

F.

Prcienliie Aspects of (ecu-

pational

Health

Nursing.

London, England:

Edward Arnold, 1967.

Feathcrton&: 1). j'..

Jniju. v

frial

in/urn's, I'heir

Prcsitji,i

,nu!

Trea linen!.

Baltimore, Md.:

Williams & Wilkins, 1964.

Discusses causes of injuries in various types ol

body actions, such as lifting, falling, and push

ing. Describes recommended treatment for such

injuries and strains, sprains, contusions, lacera-

tions, fractures, dermatoses, and injuries to vari-

ous parts of the body.

Fleming, A. J

.

, D'Alonzo, C. A., and Zapp, J

.

A.,

eds.'

Modern Occupational Medicine.

Phila-

delphia, Pa.: Lea & Febiger, 1960.

Contains chapters contributed by various

authors in the subject areas of industrial medi-

cine programs and services, industrial preven-

tive medicine, environmental hazards, psychia-

try, toxicology, and allied services of nursing,

safety, and nutrition.

Flint, 'I.. Jr.

Linergci:cr 'Jrro!mcrsl

(;IUI

Main

ogenicnt.

3rd ed. Philadelphia Pa.: W. B.

Saunders Compan y

, 1964.

Guides

to (he

Ecolua(ion of l'errnaiwnf impair-

ment. Chicago, Ill.: American Medical 'Asso-

ciation, Committee on Rating of Mental and

Physical Impairment, .1971.

With the publication in this single volume of

the entire series of updated "Guides," which

cover all the body systems—the whole man, the

Association is-providing authoritative material to

assist physicians and others in discharging a

responsibility to their patients, clients, or appli-

cants who are seeking benefits from the various

agencies and programs serving the disabled.

Haves. V. J

.

Clinical Handbook

on &:onornic

Poisons—Emergency Information for Treat-

ing Poisoning,

rev. ed. (PHS Publication No.

476.) Atlanta, Ga.: Communicable Disease

Center, Toxicology Section, 1963.

Hoover, H. C., and Hoover, L. H.

Georgius Agri-

cola:

Dc' Re

1ctol!ica

translated from the First

Latin Edition of 1556. New York, N.Y.: Dover

.

0

U.

---

7-29

.

Publications, Inc.. 1950.

Hunter, D.

The Diseases of

OccupationS.

5th ed.

London, England: The English Universities

Press, 1975.

Includes a historical outline of occupational

diseases and their treatment. Discusses hazard-

ous materials, such as metals and noxious gases,

describes the processes that led to their being

recognized as hazards, symptoms, preventive

methods, treatment, and some case histories.

Johnstone, R. T., and Miller, S. E.

Occupational

Diseases and Industrial Medicine.

Philadel-

phia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders, 1960.

Textbook discussing diseases caused by gases,

vapors, and dusts; diseases caused by physical

agents, such as vibration, noise, and extremes of

temperature and pressure; photoactinic diseases;

other hazards: and protective measures and

devices.

Kessler, H. H.

Disability: Determination and

Evaluation.

Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and

Febiger, 1970.

Key, M. M. et al. Occupational Diseases: A

Guide to Their Recognitions

rev. ed. Washing-

ton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Educa-

tion, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 1977.

King, F. J., and Fletcher, C. M., eds. Industrial

Pulmonary Diseases.

Boston, Mass.: Little,

Brown, and Co., 1960.

Klein, S. M.

Workers Under -Stress: impact

of

Work Pressure on Group Cohesion.

Lexing-

ton, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1971.

KoriihauSer, A. V.

Mental Health

of

the Indus-

trial Worker:

A

Detroit Study.

New York, N.Y.:

John Wiley & Sons, 1965.

Lee, D. H. K:, and Kotin, P.,

ed.s.Muitiple Factors

in the Causation

of

Environmentally Induced

Disease, Fogarty International Center Pro-

ceedings, No. 12. New York, N.Y.: Academic

Press, 1972.

Levinso

n

, H.

Emotional Health

in

the

World

of

Work

New York, N.Y.: Harper and Row, tj

Lieber, E. E.

Occupational Health.

Lon(lon.

England: Business Publications, Ambassor

1964.

Magi, S.

Z. Disability and Rehabilitation: Le,'(Jl

Clinical, Self-Concepts, and Mcasurenon

Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Prcs,

1969.

McBride, E. D.

Disability, Evaluation and

Prin-

ciples

of

Treatment

of Compensable

1njisrie.

6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: J. B, Lippincott and

Co., 1963.

McGee, L. C.

Manual

of

Industrial Medicine,

3rd

ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: J.B. Lippincott and Co.,

1963.

Brief discussions of various toxic agents, their

effects, symptoms and recommended treat-

ment. Includes a discussion of nonocdupatiollal

disability—sickness absenteeism—and wurkcr

compensation.

McKievcr, M. F.